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It is not. It is mostly\nregular, with a small set of high-frequency exceptions that look worse than they\nare because you meet them on day one. Get the shape of the system first, and the\ndetails stop feeling like a list of unrelated rules.",[51,52,54],"h2",{"id":53},"how-english-grammar-actually-works","How English grammar actually works",[47,56,57,58,62,63,66],{},"English is an analytic language. That is the single most useful thing to know.\nWhere languages like Spanish, French or German pack meaning into word endings,\nEnglish leans on two things instead: ",[59,60,61],"strong",{},"word order"," and ",[59,64,65],{},"small helper words",".",[68,69,70,77],"ul",{},[71,72,73,76],"li",{},[59,74,75],{},"Word order carries the meaning."," \"The dog bit the man\" and \"The man bit the\ndog\" use the same words and mean opposite things. The order is not decoration,\nit is the grammar. English is firmly subject-verb-object, and you break that\norder far less freely than in most European languages.",[71,78,79,82],{},[59,80,81],{},"Auxiliary verbs do the heavy lifting."," English barely conjugates. A regular\nverb has just four forms (work, works, worked, working). Everything else,\nquestions, negatives, tenses, the passive, is built with helper verbs: do,\nbe, have, will, and the modals. Learn how the helpers behave and you have\nlearned most of the verb system.",[47,84,85],{},"This is why the tenses look intimidating but are not. There are not really\ntwelve separate things to memorise. There is one present, one past, and a\nhandful of auxiliaries (be for the continuous, have for the perfect, will and\ngoing to for the future) that combine in predictable ways.",[51,87,89],{"id":88},"where-learners-actually-struggle","Where learners actually struggle",[47,91,92],{},"Having spent a year teaching English in a French lycee, I can tell you the\nmistakes are remarkably consistent across first languages. The trouble spots are\nrarely the obscure rules. They are:",[68,94,95,102,108,114],{},[71,96,97,98,101],{},"the ",[59,99,100],{},"present perfect",", because most languages do not split \"I have done\"\nfrom \"I did\" the way English does;",[71,103,97,104,107],{},[59,105,106],{},"articles"," a, an and the, because plenty of languages have no articles\nat all and the rules feel arbitrary until you see the pattern;",[71,109,110,113],{},[59,111,112],{},"prepositions",", because they almost never translate one-to-one;",[71,115,116,117,120],{},"and ",[59,118,119],{},"phrasal verbs",", because \"look up\", \"look after\" and \"look into\" share a\nverb and mean nothing alike.",[47,122,123],{},"The pages below tackle each of these head on, with the rule, the reasoning, and\nthe specific errors to stop making.",[51,125,127],{"id":126},"how-to-use-this-catalog","How to use this catalog",[47,129,130],{},"If you are starting out, work through the tenses in order: present simple,\npresent continuous, past simple, then the future. Add articles and prepositions\nearly, because they appear in every sentence you will ever write. Once those are\ncomfortable, the present perfect, modals and phrasal verbs are the intermediate\ncore, and reported speech and conditionals round out B2.",[47,132,133],{},"Every topic page gives you clear rules, natural examples you can lift straight\ninto your own writing, the common mistakes ranked by how often they trip\nlearners up, and a short practice set with answers so you can check yourself.",{"title":135,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":137},"",2,[138,139,140],{"id":53,"depth":136,"text":54},{"id":88,"depth":136,"text":89},{"id":126,"depth":136,"text":127},"A1-C1","A clear, no-nonsense guide to English grammar: how the system actually works, and a map of every core topic from the tenses to reported speech.","md","english",{},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar",{"title":41,"description":142},"english\u002Fgrammar","wX7htRNeuqMn_ClwbtGtpMWA0L9XEjF09TQRtDH-ZI0",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":151},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M5 12h14m-7-7l7 7l-7 7\"\u002F>"]