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fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":47,"title":48,"author":49,"body":50,"cefrLevel":934,"date":49,"description":935,"exercises":936,"extension":1007,"faqs":1008,"gcseTier":49,"intro":49,"language":1021,"lastUpdated":49,"meta":1022,"navigation":1023,"path":1024,"seo":1025,"stem":1026,"verbSlugs":49,"__hash__":1027},"pages\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fellipsis-and-substitution.md","Ellipsis and substitution in English: I think so, neither do I, and the words you are allowed to leave out",null,{"type":51,"value":52,"toc":922},"minimark",[53,98,110,115,118,158,170,194,206,210,213,292,322,326,331,364,367,398,431,458,467,471,474,506,523,555,575,595,599,605,636,639,702,706,724,735,739,742,829,833,836,881,908],[54,55,56,57,61,62,65,66,69,70,73,74,77,78,81,82,81,85,81,88,81,91,81,94,97],"p",{},"Ask a learner ",[58,59,60],"em",{},"Do you like coffee?"," and you often get ",[58,63,64],{},"Yes, I like coffee"," back.\nEvery word of it is correct, and no native speaker has ever said it. The real\nanswer is ",[58,67,68],{},"Yes, I do",", or just ",[58,71,72],{},"I do",", or a nod and ",[58,75,76],{},"mm",". Natural English is\nfull of holes. Words that the listener can work out for themselves get left\nout, and a handful of small words - ",[58,79,80],{},"so",", ",[58,83,84],{},"not",[58,86,87],{},"one",[58,89,90],{},"do",[58,92,93],{},"too",[58,95,96],{},"neither"," -\nstand in for whole phrases.",[54,99,100,101,105,106,109],{},"Grammar books call the leaving-out ",[102,103,104],"strong",{},"ellipsis"," and the standing-in\n",[102,107,108],{},"substitution",", and then say very little else about either, which is odd,\nbecause between them they are most of what makes speech sound like speech.\nA learner who answers in full sentences is not making mistakes. They are\nanswering exam questions out loud. This page is about how to stop.",[111,112,114],"h2",{"id":113},"the-engine-the-auxiliary-stays-the-rest-can-go","The engine: the auxiliary stays, the rest can go",[54,116,117],{},"English lets you delete a repeated verb phrase as long as you keep the\nauxiliary in front of where it was. The auxiliary is the receipt: it proves the\nmissing words were there.",[119,120,121,135,147],"ul",{},[122,123,124,131,132],"li",{},[58,125,126,127,130],{},"She can sing and he can ",[102,128,129],{},"sing"," too."," → ",[58,133,134],{},"She can sing and he can too.",[122,136,137,131,144],{},[58,138,139,140,143],{},"I have not read it, but I will ",[102,141,142],{},"read it",".",[58,145,146],{},"I have not read it, but I\nwill.",[122,148,149,131,155],{},[58,150,151,152,143],{},"He says he paid. He has not ",[102,153,154],{},"paid",[58,156,157],{},"He says he paid. He hasn't.",[54,159,160,161,163,164,169],{},"If the sentence has no auxiliary, ",[58,162,90],{}," steps in, exactly as it does in\nquestions and in ",[165,166,168],"a",{"href":167},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fquestion-tags","question tags",":",[119,171,172,183],{},[122,173,174,131,180],{},[58,175,176,177,143],{},"She works harder than he ",[102,178,179],{},"works",[58,181,182],{},"She works harder than he does.",[122,184,185,131,191],{},[58,186,187,188,143],{},"I did not enjoy it, but my wife ",[102,189,190],{},"enjoyed it",[58,192,193],{},"I did not enjoy it, but\nmy wife did.",[54,195,196,197,81,199,81,202,205],{},"This is the same auxiliary system that runs tags and short questions, doing\none more job. Once you see that ",[58,198,90],{},[58,200,201],{},"have",[58,203,204],{},"be"," and the modals are the\nload-bearing words of English, half of this page follows automatically.",[111,207,209],{"id":208},"short-answers","Short answers",[54,211,212],{},"Short answers are ellipsis in its purest form: subject plus auxiliary, nothing\nelse.",[214,215,216,229],"table",{},[217,218,219],"thead",{},[220,221,222,226],"tr",{},[223,224,225],"th",{},"Question",[223,227,228],{},"Short answer",[230,231,232,244,256,268,280],"tbody",{},[220,233,234,239],{},[235,236,237],"td",{},[58,238,60],{},[235,240,241],{},[58,242,243],{},"Yes, I do. \u002F No, I don't.",[220,245,246,251],{},[235,247,248],{},[58,249,250],{},"Is she coming?",[235,252,253],{},[58,254,255],{},"Yes, she is. \u002F No, she isn't.",[220,257,258,263],{},[235,259,260],{},[58,261,262],{},"Have they left?",[235,264,265],{},[58,266,267],{},"Yes, they have. \u002F No, they haven't.",[220,269,270,275],{},[235,271,272],{},[58,273,274],{},"Can he drive?",[235,276,277],{},[58,278,279],{},"Yes, he can. \u002F No, he can't.",[220,281,282,287],{},[235,283,284],{},[58,285,286],{},"Did you see it?",[235,288,289],{},[58,290,291],{},"Yes, I did. \u002F No, I didn't.",[54,293,294,295,298,299,301,302,305,306,309,310,313,314,317,318,321],{},"Two details matter. First, a positive short answer is ",[102,296,297],{},"never contracted",":\n",[58,300,68],{},", not ",[58,303,304],{},"Yes, I'd"," - there is nothing to contract onto. Second, plain\n",[58,307,308],{},"yes"," and ",[58,311,312],{},"no"," on their own can sound short-tempered in British English. The\nauxiliary is what makes the answer polite: ",[58,315,316],{},"No, I haven't"," is an answer,\n",[58,319,320],{},"No"," is a door closing.",[111,323,325],{"id":324},"so-and-not-after-think-hope-and-be-afraid","so and not after think, hope and be afraid",[54,327,328,329,169],{},"When the missing part is a whole clause, the stand-in is ",[58,330,80],{},[119,332,333,344,354],{},[122,334,335,337,338,343],{},[58,336,250],{}," - ",[58,339,340,341,143],{},"I think ",[102,342,80],{}," (= I think that she is coming)",[122,345,346,337,349],{},[58,347,348],{},"Will we make it?",[58,350,351,352,143],{},"I hope ",[102,353,80],{},[122,355,356,337,359],{},[58,357,358],{},"Is this the right road?",[58,360,361,362,143],{},"I suppose ",[102,363,80],{},[54,365,366],{},"The negative splits the verbs into two camps, and learners mix the camps\ndaily.",[54,368,369,372,373,81,376,81,379,382,383,386,387,393,394,397],{},[102,370,371],{},"Camp one carries the negative on the verb",": ",[58,374,375],{},"think",[58,377,378],{},"suppose",[58,380,381],{},"expect",",\n",[58,384,385],{},"imagine",". You say ",[58,388,389,390],{},"I ",[102,391,392],{},"don't think so",", and ",[58,395,396],{},"I think not"," belongs to\ncostume drama.",[54,399,400,372,408,382,411,81,414,386,417,309,421,426,427,430],{},[102,401,402,403,405,406],{},"Camp two puts the negative on the clause, so ",[58,404,80],{}," becomes ",[58,407,84],{},[58,409,410],{},"hope",[58,412,413],{},"be afraid",[58,415,416],{},"guess",[58,418,351,419],{},[102,420,84],{},[58,422,423,424],{},"I'm afraid ",[102,425,84],{},", and\nyou cannot say ",[58,428,429],{},"I don't hope so"," at all.",[119,432,433,442,450],{},[122,434,435,337,438,441],{},[58,436,437],{},"Will it rain?",[58,439,440],{},"I hope not."," (there is a picnic)",[122,443,444,337,447],{},[58,445,446],{},"Is there any tea left?",[58,448,449],{},"I'm afraid not.",[122,451,452,337,455],{},[58,453,454],{},"Do we have to pay again?",[58,456,457],{},"I don't think so.",[54,459,460,309,463,466],{},[58,461,462],{},"I'm afraid so",[58,464,465],{},"I'm afraid not"," are worth learning as fixed politeness\ntools: they are how British English delivers bad news in four syllables.",[111,468,470],{"id":469},"so-do-i-neither-do-i","so do I, neither do I",[54,472,473],{},"To agree with what somebody just said, echo the auxiliary and flip it in front\nof the subject:",[119,475,476,486,496],{},[122,477,478,337,481],{},[58,479,480],{},"I love this song.",[58,482,483],{},[102,484,485],{},"So do I.",[122,487,488,337,491],{},[58,489,490],{},"I'm freezing.",[58,492,493],{},[102,494,495],{},"So am I.",[122,497,498,337,501],{},[58,499,500],{},"I've been here before.",[58,502,503],{},[102,504,505],{},"So have I.",[54,507,508,509,512,513,515,516,518,519,522],{},"Agreeing with a ",[102,510,511],{},"negative"," statement swaps ",[58,514,80],{}," for ",[58,517,96],{}," (or ",[58,520,521],{},"nor",",\nwhich is the same thing in a slightly better coat):",[119,524,525,535,545],{},[122,526,527,337,530],{},[58,528,529],{},"I can't hear anything.",[58,531,532],{},[102,533,534],{},"Neither can I.",[122,536,537,337,540],{},[58,538,539],{},"I didn't sleep well.",[58,541,542],{},[102,543,544],{},"Neither did I.",[122,546,547,337,550],{},[58,548,549],{},"I won't say a word.",[58,551,552],{},[102,553,554],{},"Nor will I.",[54,556,557,558,561,562,565,566,569,570,574],{},"The auxiliary must match the original statement, which means you have to hear\nit before you answer - ",[58,559,560],{},"So did I"," after a past simple, ",[58,563,564],{},"So would I"," after a\n",[58,567,568],{},"would",". The inversion here is the same word-order flip covered in\n",[165,571,573],{"href":572},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Finversion-and-word-order","inversion and word order",": a\nnegative or restrictive word at the front drags the auxiliary over the\nsubject.",[54,576,577,578,581,582,585,586,372,588,337,591,594],{},"In relaxed speech, ",[58,579,580],{},"me too"," agrees with positives and ",[58,583,584],{},"me neither"," with\nnegatives, and both are fine. What you cannot do is answer a negative with\n",[58,587,80],{},[58,589,590],{},"I can't swim.",[58,592,593],{},"So can I"," means you cannot have understood.",[111,596,598],{"id":597},"one-and-ones","one and ones",[54,600,601,602,604],{},"When a countable noun has just been said, English swaps it for ",[58,603,87],{}," rather\nthan repeating it:",[119,606,607,617,625],{},[122,608,609,337,612],{},[58,610,611],{},"Which cup do you want?",[58,613,614,615,143],{},"The blue ",[102,616,87],{},[122,618,619],{},[58,620,621,622,143],{},"These shoes are tired. I need some new ",[102,623,624],{},"ones",[122,626,627],{},[58,628,629,630,632,633,635],{},"We looked at two flats: a big ",[102,631,87],{}," with no light and a small ",[102,634,87],{},"\nwith a garden.",[54,637,638],{},"Rules of engagement:",[640,641,642,664,678],"ol",{},[122,643,644,647,648,652,653,655,656,659,660,663],{},[102,645,646],{},"Countables only."," Wine, bread, money and other\n",[165,649,651],{"href":650},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcountable-and-uncountable-nouns","uncountable nouns"," do\nnot take ",[58,654,87],{},": not ",[58,657,658],{},"the white one"," about wine but ",[58,661,662],{},"the white",", or repeat\nthe noun.",[122,665,666,669,670,673,674,677],{},[102,667,668],{},"After adjectives, one is usually compulsory."," ",[58,671,672],{},"The blue"," on its own does\nnot survive as an answer about cups; ",[58,675,676],{},"the blue one"," does.",[122,679,680,81,683,685,686,689,690,693,694,697,698,701],{},[102,681,682],{},"After this, that, these and those",[58,684,87],{}," is optional in the singular\n(",[58,687,688],{},"this one"," or ",[58,691,692],{},"this",") and dropped in the plural (",[58,695,696],{},"these",", not usually\n",[58,699,700],{},"these ones",", which some British speakers say and some correct).",[111,703,705],{"id":704},"do-so-and-answering-with-nothing-at-all","do so, and answering with nothing at all",[54,707,708,709,712,713,716,717,720,721,723],{},"Formal English has one more substitute worth recognising: ",[58,710,711],{},"do so"," stands for a\nwhole action just mentioned. ",[58,714,715],{},"I asked him to move the car, and he did so at\nonce."," In speech it often shrinks further, to plain ",[58,718,719],{},"did",". You mostly need\n",[58,722,711],{}," for writing; reaching for it in conversation sounds like a police\nreport.",[54,725,726,727,730,731,734],{},"And at the far end of the scale, speech deletes the beginnings of sentences\nentirely. ",[58,728,729],{},"Sounds good. Ever been to Wales? Shame about the weather."," Each of\nthese has lost its subject, and sometimes its auxiliary too, and each is\nperfectly normal spoken English. You do not need to produce these from day\none. You do need to know that ",[58,732,733],{},"Sounds good"," is not a broken sentence, so that\nyou stop mentally repairing other people's English while they talk.",[111,736,738],{"id":737},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[54,740,741],{},"Ranked by how often learners actually make them.",[640,743,744,756,777,788,801,813],{},[122,745,746,669,749,752,753],{},[102,747,748],{},"Answering with the full sentence.",[58,750,751],{},"Do you like it? Yes, I like it"," is\ngrammatical and unnatural. Train the reflex: auxiliary only. ",[58,754,755],{},"Yes, I do.",[122,757,758,761,762,764,765,372,767,770,771,301,774,143],{},[102,759,760],{},"I think yes."," The stand-in for a clause is ",[58,763,80],{},", never ",[58,766,308],{},[58,768,769],{},"I think\nso."," Same for the negative: ",[58,772,773],{},"I don't think so",[58,775,776],{},"I think no",[122,778,779,669,782,785,786],{},[102,780,781],{},"I don't hope so.",[58,783,784],{},"Hope"," will not carry the negative. It goes on the\nclause instead: ",[58,787,440],{},[122,789,790,793,794,796,797,800],{},[102,791,792],{},"So I do for So do I."," The auxiliary must come before the subject when\nyou agree with somebody else. Plain order means something different:\n",[58,795,80],{}," + subject + auxiliary is surprised agreement about yourself. ",[58,798,799],{},"You've\ngot paint on your face. - So I have!"," The word order is the entire\ndifference between \"me too\" and \"oh, so I have\".",[122,802,803,669,806,809,810,143],{},[102,804,805],{},"Answering a negative with so.",[58,807,808],{},"I didn't like it. - So did I"," is a\ncontradiction in a party hat. Negative statements take ",[58,811,812],{},"neither did I",[122,814,815,669,818,821,822,825,826,828],{},[102,816,817],{},"One for uncountables.",[58,819,820],{},"I prefer the red one"," about wine should be ",[58,823,824],{},"the\nred",". If you cannot count it, ",[58,827,87],{}," cannot stand for it.",[111,830,832],{"id":831},"practice","Practice",[54,834,835],{},"Reply using as few words as the grammar allows. Answers are below.",[640,837,838,848,856,864,872],{},[122,839,840,843,844,143],{},[58,841,842],{},"Have you been to Scotland?"," - Yes, ",[845,846,847],"code",{},"___",[122,849,850,853,854,143],{},[58,851,852],{},"Is the bank open today?"," - I'm afraid ",[845,855,847],{},[122,857,858,337,861,863],{},[58,859,860],{},"I can't stand this music.",[845,862,847],{}," (agree with the speaker).",[122,865,866,869,870,143],{},[58,867,868],{},"Do you want the big box or the small box?"," - The small ",[845,871,847],{},[122,873,874,880],{},[58,875,876,877,879],{},"She promised to call, but she ",[845,878,847],{}," ."," (she did not call)",[54,882,883,886,887,890,891,893,894,518,897,900,901,903,904,907],{},[102,884,885],{},"Answers:"," 1. ",[58,888,889],{},"I have"," 2. ",[58,892,84],{}," 3. ",[58,895,896],{},"Neither can I",[58,898,899],{},"Me neither",")\n4. ",[58,902,87],{}," 5. ",[58,905,906],{},"didn't"," (the auxiliary alone carries the missing verb)",[54,909,910,911,913,914,916,917,921],{},"The machinery on this page - auxiliaries standing for whole verb phrases - is\nthe same machinery behind ",[165,912,168],{"href":167},", and\nthe agreement patterns lean on the flip described in\n",[165,915,573],{"href":572},". If the\nauxiliaries themselves are still wobbly, start with\n",[165,918,920],{"href":919},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fmodal-verbs","modal verbs"," and come back: ellipsis is a\nreward for knowing them cold.",{"title":923,"searchDepth":924,"depth":924,"links":925},"",2,[926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933],{"id":113,"depth":924,"text":114},{"id":208,"depth":924,"text":209},{"id":324,"depth":924,"text":325},{"id":469,"depth":924,"text":470},{"id":597,"depth":924,"text":598},{"id":704,"depth":924,"text":705},{"id":737,"depth":924,"text":738},{"id":831,"depth":924,"text":832},"B1-B2","How natural English leaves out repeated words and puts small ones in their place: short answers, so and not after think and hope, so do I and neither do I, one and ones, and why answering in full sentences makes you sound like a textbook.",[937,960,982],{"type":938,"instructions":939,"options":940,"items":943},"which-one","Choose the word or phrase that completes each reply.",[80,84,87,624,93,941,942,896],"either","So am I",[944,946,948,950,952,954,956,958],{"prompt":945,"answer":80},"Is she coming tonight? I think ___.",{"prompt":947,"answer":84},"Will it hurt? I hope ___.",{"prompt":949,"answer":87},"Which cup do you want? The blue ___.",{"prompt":951,"answer":624},"I like the small glasses, not the big ___.",{"prompt":953,"answer":93},"She can drive and her sister can ___.",{"prompt":955,"answer":941},"He does not smoke and she does not ___.",{"prompt":957,"answer":942},"I am tired. ___.",{"prompt":959,"answer":896},"I cannot swim. ___.",{"type":961,"instructions":962,"items":963},"fill-blank","Write the missing word in each short answer or reply.",[964,966,969,971,974,976,978,980],{"prompt":965,"answer":201},"Have you finished? Yes, I ___.",{"prompt":967,"answer":968},"Does he play? No, he ___.","doesn't",{"prompt":970,"answer":719},"I did not enjoy the film, but my wife ___.",{"prompt":972,"answer":973},"He will not be there, and neither ___ she.","will",{"prompt":975,"answer":84},"Is the shop open on Sunday? I'm afraid ___.",{"prompt":977,"answer":80},"Can you come on Friday? I think ___.",{"prompt":979,"answer":80},"I asked him to move the car, and he did ___ at once.",{"prompt":981,"answer":87},"My old phone broke, so I bought a new ___.",{"type":983,"instructions":984,"pairs":985},"match","Match each statement to the reply that agrees with it.",[986,988,991,993,995,998,1001,1004],{"left":987,"right":485},"I love this song",{"left":989,"right":990},"I am not ready","Neither am I.",{"left":992,"right":505},"I have seen it before",{"left":994,"right":534},"I cannot hear anything",{"left":996,"right":997},"I went home early","So did I.",{"left":999,"right":1000},"I will not tell anybody","Neither will I.",{"left":1002,"right":1003},"I was there last year","So was I.",{"left":1005,"right":1006},"I would never say that","Neither would I.","md",[1009,1012,1015,1018],{"q":1010,"a":1011},"What is ellipsis in English grammar?","Ellipsis is leaving out words that the listener can recover from what has already been said. Instead of She can sing and he can sing too, English says She can sing and he can too. The auxiliary stays and the repeated verb goes. It is not lazy or informal English, it is normal English: repeating the full phrase is what sounds strange.",{"q":1013,"a":1014},"What is the difference between I don't think so and I hope not?","Both are negative short answers, but different verbs build them differently. Think prefers to carry the negative itself: I don't think so, not I think not, which sounds stiff and old. Hope and be afraid refuse to carry it, so the negative goes onto so, which becomes not: I hope not, I'm afraid not. You cannot say I don't hope so.",{"q":1016,"a":1017},"When do you use one and ones instead of a noun?","When the noun has just been mentioned and repeating it would be heavy: Which cup do you want? The blue one. Use one for singular countable nouns and ones for plurals. It does not work for uncountable nouns: you cannot say the white one about wine, you say the white wine or simply the white.",{"q":1019,"a":1020},"How do you agree with somebody using so do I and neither do I?","Echo the auxiliary and put it before the subject. Agreeing with a positive statement takes so: I love this song. So do I. Agreeing with a negative one takes neither or nor: I can't hear anything. Neither can I. The auxiliary must match the original: So am I after I am tired, So did I after I went home early. In informal speech, me too and me neither do the same jobs.","english",{},true,"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fellipsis-and-substitution",{"title":48,"description":935},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Fellipsis-and-substitution","arza7cS6xZzdvIRrBMjLdpFNMSG8CmoXrLHkaohB4rU",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1029},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1031},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]