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another, English makes you choose between two forms:\nthe gerund (",[51,52,53],"em",{},"swimming",") and the infinitive (",[51,56,57],{},"to swim","). Get the choice wrong and\nthe sentence sounds off to every native speaker, even though the meaning is\nusually clear. The hard part is that the rule is not really a rule. It depends on\nthe first verb, and you mostly have to learn which verb wants which form.",[60,61,63],"h2",{"id":62},"what-a-gerund-and-an-infinitive-actually-are","What a gerund and an infinitive actually are",[47,65,66,67,71],{},"A ",[68,69,70],"strong",{},"gerund"," is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun.",[73,74,75,82],"ul",{},[76,77,78,81],"li",{},[51,79,80],{},"Swimming is good exercise."," (subject)",[76,83,84,87],{},[51,85,86],{},"I enjoy reading."," (object)",[47,89,90,91,94,95,98],{},"An ",[68,92,93],{},"infinitive"," is ",[51,96,97],{},"to"," plus the base verb.",[73,100,101,106],{},[76,102,103],{},[51,104,105],{},"I want to leave.",[76,107,108],{},[51,109,110],{},"Her plan is to win.",[47,112,113],{},"Both turn a verb into something that can sit where a noun sits. The trouble\nstarts when a gerund or infinitive follows another verb, because most verbs\naccept only one of the two.",[60,115,117],{"id":116},"verbs-followed-by-the-gerund","Verbs followed by the gerund",[47,119,120,121,124,125],{},"These verbs are followed by the -ing form. ",[51,122,123],{},"I enjoy to read"," is wrong; it has to\nbe ",[51,126,86],{},[128,129,130,143],"table",{},[131,132,133],"thead",{},[134,135,136,140],"tr",{},[137,138,139],"th",{},"Verb",[137,141,142],{},"Example",[144,145,146,157,167,177,187,197,207,217,227,237],"tbody",{},[134,147,148,152],{},[149,150,151],"td",{},"enjoy",[149,153,154],{},[51,155,156],{},"I enjoy cooking.",[134,158,159,162],{},[149,160,161],{},"avoid",[149,163,164],{},[51,165,166],{},"He avoids talking about it.",[134,168,169,172],{},[149,170,171],{},"finish",[149,173,174],{},[51,175,176],{},"She finished eating.",[134,178,179,182],{},[149,180,181],{},"mind",[149,183,184],{},[51,185,186],{},"Do you mind waiting?",[134,188,189,192],{},[149,190,191],{},"suggest",[149,193,194],{},[51,195,196],{},"They suggested going by train.",[134,198,199,202],{},[149,200,201],{},"can't help",[149,203,204],{},[51,205,206],{},"I can't help laughing.",[134,208,209,212],{},[149,210,211],{},"keep",[149,213,214],{},[51,215,216],{},"He keeps interrupting.",[134,218,219,222],{},[149,220,221],{},"practise",[149,223,224],{},[51,225,226],{},"I practise speaking every day.",[134,228,229,232],{},[149,230,231],{},"miss",[149,233,234],{},[51,235,236],{},"She misses living by the sea.",[134,238,239,242],{},[149,240,241],{},"give up",[149,243,244],{},[51,245,246],{},"He gave up smoking.",[47,248,249],{},"A quick test: many of these describe stopping, continuing or feeling about an\nactivity, but the safest approach is simply to know the list.",[60,251,253],{"id":252},"verbs-followed-by-the-infinitive","Verbs followed by the infinitive",[47,255,256,257,259,260,263,264],{},"These verbs are followed by ",[51,258,97],{}," plus the base verb. ",[51,261,262],{},"I want going"," is wrong; it\nhas to be ",[51,265,266],{},"I want to go.",[128,268,269,277],{},[131,270,271],{},[134,272,273,275],{},[137,274,139],{},[137,276,142],{},[144,278,279,288,298,308,318,328,338,348,358,368,378],{},[134,280,281,284],{},[149,282,283],{},"want",[149,285,286],{},[51,287,105],{},[134,289,290,293],{},[149,291,292],{},"decide",[149,294,295],{},[51,296,297],{},"We decided to stay.",[134,299,300,303],{},[149,301,302],{},"hope",[149,304,305],{},[51,306,307],{},"She hopes to pass.",[134,309,310,313],{},[149,311,312],{},"plan",[149,314,315],{},[51,316,317],{},"They plan to move.",[134,319,320,323],{},[149,321,322],{},"agree",[149,324,325],{},[51,326,327],{},"He agreed to help.",[134,329,330,333],{},[149,331,332],{},"offer",[149,334,335],{},[51,336,337],{},"She offered to drive.",[134,339,340,343],{},[149,341,342],{},"promise",[149,344,345],{},[51,346,347],{},"I promise to call.",[134,349,350,353],{},[149,351,352],{},"refuse",[149,354,355],{},[51,356,357],{},"He refused to answer.",[134,359,360,363],{},[149,361,362],{},"learn",[149,364,365],{},[51,366,367],{},"I learned to swim.",[134,369,370,373],{},[149,371,372],{},"manage",[149,374,375],{},[51,376,377],{},"We managed to finish.",[134,379,380,383],{},[149,381,382],{},"would like",[149,384,385],{},[51,386,387],{},"I would like to know.",[60,389,391],{"id":390},"verbs-that-take-both-with-no-real-change","Verbs that take both with no real change",[47,393,394],{},"A handful of verbs accept either form, and the meaning stays the same. These are\nmostly verbs of starting, continuing and liking.",[128,396,397,406],{},[131,398,399],{},[134,400,401,403],{},[137,402,139],{},[137,404,405],{},"Both forms work",[144,407,408,422,435,448,461,474,487],{},[134,409,410,413],{},[149,411,412],{},"begin",[149,414,415,418,419],{},[51,416,417],{},"It began to rain."," \u002F ",[51,420,421],{},"It began raining.",[134,423,424,427],{},[149,425,426],{},"start",[149,428,429,418,432],{},[51,430,431],{},"She started to cry.",[51,433,434],{},"She started crying.",[134,436,437,440],{},[149,438,439],{},"continue",[149,441,442,418,445],{},[51,443,444],{},"He continued to talk.",[51,446,447],{},"He continued talking.",[134,449,450,453],{},[149,451,452],{},"like",[149,454,455,418,458],{},[51,456,457],{},"I like to cook.",[51,459,460],{},"I like cooking.",[134,462,463,466],{},[149,464,465],{},"love",[149,467,468,418,471],{},[51,469,470],{},"They love to travel.",[51,472,473],{},"They love travelling.",[134,475,476,479],{},[149,477,478],{},"hate",[149,480,481,418,484],{},[51,482,483],{},"I hate to wait.",[51,485,486],{},"I hate waiting.",[134,488,489,492],{},[149,490,491],{},"prefer",[149,493,494,418,497],{},[51,495,496],{},"She prefers to walk.",[51,498,499],{},"She prefers walking.",[47,501,502,503,505,506,509,510,513],{},"There is a faint difference with ",[51,504,452],{},": ",[51,507,508],{},"I like to cook"," can suggest a habit you\nchoose (you cook because it is sensible), while ",[51,511,512],{},"I like cooking"," is purely about\nenjoyment. In everyday speech most people treat them as the same.",[60,515,517],{"id":516},"verbs-that-take-both-but-the-meaning-changes","Verbs that take both, but the meaning changes",[47,519,520],{},"This is the group that matters most, because choosing the wrong form changes what\nyou are saying. Learn these properly.",[128,522,523,535],{},[131,524,525],{},[134,526,527,529,532],{},[137,528,139],{},[137,530,531],{},"+ gerund",[137,533,534],{},"+ infinitive",[144,536,537,554,571,588,605,622,639],{},[134,538,539,542,548],{},[149,540,541],{},"stop",[149,543,544,545],{},"quit the activity: ",[51,546,547],{},"He stopped smoking.",[149,549,550,551],{},"pause in order to: ",[51,552,553],{},"He stopped to smoke.",[134,555,556,559,565],{},[149,557,558],{},"remember",[149,560,561,562],{},"recall a memory: ",[51,563,564],{},"I remember locking the door.",[149,566,567,568],{},"not forget a task: ",[51,569,570],{},"Remember to lock the door.",[134,572,573,576,582],{},[149,574,575],{},"forget",[149,577,578,579],{},"(rare) recall: ",[51,580,581],{},"I'll never forget meeting her.",[149,583,584,585],{},"fail to do: ",[51,586,587],{},"I forgot to call him.",[134,589,590,593,599],{},[149,591,592],{},"try",[149,594,595,596],{},"experiment: ",[51,597,598],{},"Try adding salt.",[149,600,601,602],{},"make an effort: ",[51,603,604],{},"I tried to lift it.",[134,606,607,610,616],{},[149,608,609],{},"regret",[149,611,612,613],{},"be sorry about the past: ",[51,614,615],{},"I regret saying that.",[149,617,618,619],{},"be sorry to announce: ",[51,620,621],{},"We regret to inform you.",[134,623,624,627,633],{},[149,625,626],{},"go on",[149,628,629,630],{},"continue the same thing: ",[51,631,632],{},"He went on talking.",[149,634,635,636],{},"move to a new thing: ",[51,637,638],{},"She went on to become a doctor.",[134,640,641,644,650],{},[149,642,643],{},"mean",[149,645,646,647],{},"involve: ",[51,648,649],{},"This job means working late.",[149,651,652,653],{},"intend: ",[51,654,655],{},"I meant to tell you.",[47,657,658,659,661,662,664,665,668,669,672,673,676,677,680],{},"Read the ",[51,660,541],{}," and ",[51,663,558],{}," rows twice. ",[51,666,667],{},"He stopped smoking"," means he gave it\nup. ",[51,670,671],{},"He stopped to smoke"," means he interrupted what he was doing in order to have\na cigarette. ",[51,674,675],{},"I remember locking the door"," is a memory of the act; ",[51,678,679],{},"remember to\nlock the door"," is an instruction for later.",[60,682,684],{"id":683},"the-gerund-always-follows-a-preposition","The gerund always follows a preposition",[47,686,687,688,691],{},"This rule is reliable, which is rare in this topic. After any preposition\n(",[51,689,690],{},"at, in, of, about, for, before, after, on",") you use the gerund, never the\ninfinitive.",[73,693,694,699,704,709],{},[76,695,696],{},[51,697,698],{},"She is good at swimming.",[76,700,701],{},[51,702,703],{},"I am interested in learning Spanish.",[76,705,706],{},[51,707,708],{},"Think before speaking.",[76,710,711],{},[51,712,713],{},"He left without saying goodbye.",[47,715,716,717,719,720,722],{},"The trap is fixed phrases that end in ",[51,718,97],{},", where ",[51,721,97],{}," is a preposition rather\nthan part of an infinitive:",[73,724,725,735,743],{},[76,726,727,730,731,734],{},[51,728,729],{},"I look forward to meeting you."," (not ",[51,732,733],{},"to meet",")",[76,736,737,730,740,734],{},[51,738,739],{},"I am used to working nights.",[51,741,742],{},"to work",[76,744,745],{},[51,746,747],{},"She is committed to helping.",[47,749,750,751,754,755,757],{},"If you can replace the phrase with a noun (",[51,752,753],{},"I look forward to the holiday","), the\n",[51,756,97],{}," is a preposition and needs the gerund.",[60,759,761],{"id":760},"the-bare-infinitive-no-to","The bare infinitive (no 'to')",[47,763,764,765,768,769,661,772,775,776,778],{},"After modal verbs (",[51,766,767],{},"can, must, should, will, might",") and after ",[51,770,771],{},"make",[51,773,774],{},"let",",\nyou use the base verb with no ",[51,777,97],{}," at all. This is the bare infinitive.",[73,780,781,789,794,802],{},[76,782,783,730,786,734],{},[51,784,785],{},"You must go.",[51,787,788],{},"must to go",[76,790,791],{},[51,792,793],{},"I can swim.",[76,795,796,730,799,734],{},[51,797,798],{},"She made me wait.",[51,800,801],{},"made me to wait",[76,803,804],{},[51,805,806],{},"Let him try.",[60,808,810],{"id":809},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[47,812,813],{},"Ranked by how often learners make them.",[815,816,817,830,842,856,869],"ol",{},[76,818,819,822,823,826,827,829],{},[68,820,821],{},"Infinitive after a gerund verb."," ",[51,824,825],{},"I enjoy to read."," Enjoy takes the gerund:\n",[51,828,86],{}," The same trap hits avoid, finish, mind and suggest.",[76,831,832,822,835,838,839],{},[68,833,834],{},"Gerund after an infinitive verb.",[51,836,837],{},"I want going home."," Want takes the\ninfinitive: ",[51,840,841],{},"I want to go home.",[76,843,844,822,847,850,851,853,854],{},[68,845,846],{},"Infinitive after a preposition.",[51,848,849],{},"I look forward to meet you."," The ",[51,852,97],{}," is a\npreposition, so use the gerund: ",[51,855,729],{},[76,857,858,822,861,864,865,868],{},[68,859,860],{},"Wrong form changing the meaning.",[51,862,863],{},"Stop to smoke"," when you mean ",[51,866,867],{},"stop\nsmoking"," tells people the opposite of what you intend.",[76,870,871,822,874,877,878],{},[68,872,873],{},"Keeping the to after a modal.",[51,875,876],{},"I must to leave."," Modals take the bare\ninfinitive: ",[51,879,880],{},"I must leave.",[60,882,884],{"id":883},"practice","Practice",[47,886,887],{},"Choose the correct form. Answers are below.",[815,889,890,898,904,910,916],{},[76,891,892,893,897],{},"I enjoy ",[894,895,896],"code",{},"___"," (cook) at the weekend.",[76,899,900,901,903],{},"She decided ",[894,902,896],{}," (stay) at home.",[76,905,906,907,909],{},"He is good at ",[894,908,896],{}," (draw).",[76,911,912,913,915],{},"Remember ",[894,914,896],{}," (post) the letter on your way out.",[76,917,918,919,921],{},"They must ",[894,920,896],{}," (leave) before nine.",[47,923,924,927],{},[68,925,926],{},"Answers:"," 1. cooking (enjoy takes the gerund) 2. to stay (decide takes the\ninfinitive) 3. drawing (after the preposition at) 4. to post (a task you must not\nforget, so the infinitive) 5. leave (bare infinitive after the modal must)",{"title":929,"searchDepth":930,"depth":930,"links":931},"",2,[932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940],{"id":62,"depth":930,"text":63},{"id":116,"depth":930,"text":117},{"id":252,"depth":930,"text":253},{"id":390,"depth":930,"text":391},{"id":516,"depth":930,"text":517},{"id":683,"depth":930,"text":684},{"id":760,"depth":930,"text":761},{"id":809,"depth":930,"text":810},{"id":883,"depth":930,"text":884},"B1","The gerund and infinitive rules that decide which form follows a verb. Verb lists, the meaning-change verbs like stop and remember, and the mistakes to avoid.","md",[945,948,951,954],{"q":946,"a":947},"What is the difference between a gerund and an infinitive?","A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun (swimming, reading). An infinitive is to plus the base verb (to swim, to read). Both let a verb act like a noun, but English verbs are fussy about which one can follow them: enjoy takes the gerund (I enjoy swimming), while want takes the infinitive (I want to swim).",{"q":949,"a":950},"How do I know whether to use a gerund or an infinitive?","It usually depends on the first verb. Some verbs are always followed by the gerund (enjoy, avoid, finish), some are always followed by the infinitive (want, decide, hope), and a few take either. There is no rule that predicts the group, so the most reliable method is to learn the common verbs in lists.",{"q":952,"a":953},"Why is it I look forward to meeting you and not to meet you?","Here to is a preposition, not part of an infinitive. A preposition is always followed by the gerund, so it is look forward to meeting, interested in learning and good at swimming. This is one of the most common errors, because the to looks like an infinitive.",{"q":955,"a":956},"Does the meaning change with stop, remember and try?","Yes. Stop doing means quit; stop to do means pause in order to do something else. Remember doing means recall a memory; remember to do means not forget a task. Try doing means experiment; try to do means make an effort. The form changes the meaning completely.","english",{},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fgerund-and-infinitive",{"title":41,"description":942},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Fgerund-and-infinitive","flKtzvG8so96uSeCAFd99OwP8XGUhpOuavQ7OkRRY1c"]