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-ed pattern.\nRegular verbs are easy: ",[51,52,53],"em",{},"work, worked, worked."," Irregular verbs each have to be\nlearned, because their past forms change in ways you cannot predict from the\nspelling. The good news is that there are only about a hundred common ones, they\nfall into a handful of patterns, and the most frequent verbs in English, the ones\nyou meet every day, are precisely the ones worth learning first.",[56,57,59],"h2",{"id":58},"the-three-forms","The three forms",[47,61,62],{},"Every verb has three principal parts. For regular verbs the last two are\nidentical, so you barely notice them. For irregular verbs you need all three:",[64,65,66,82],"table",{},[67,68,69],"thead",{},[70,71,72,76,79],"tr",{},[73,74,75],"th",{},"Form",[73,77,78],{},"Example",[73,80,81],{},"Where you use it",[83,84,85,97,112],"tbody",{},[70,86,87,91,94],{},[88,89,90],"td",{},"Base form",[88,92,93],{},"go",[88,95,96],{},"the present, after 'to' and after modals",[70,98,99,102,105],{},[88,100,101],{},"Past simple",[88,103,104],{},"went",[88,106,107,108,111],{},"the past simple tense (",[51,109,110],{},"I went home",")",[70,113,114,117,120],{},[88,115,116],{},"Past participle",[88,118,119],{},"gone",[88,121,122,123,126,127,111],{},"the present perfect (",[51,124,125],{},"I have gone",") and the passive (",[51,128,129],{},"it was eaten",[47,131,132,133,136],{},"This is why the participle matters so much: get it wrong and you break both the\npresent perfect and the passive. ",[51,134,135],{},"I have went"," is wrong because the present\nperfect needs the participle, gone.",[56,138,140],{"id":139},"pattern-1-all-three-forms-the-same","Pattern 1: all three forms the same",[47,142,143],{},"The easiest group. Nothing changes at all.",[64,145,146,157],{},[67,147,148],{},[70,149,150,153,155],{},[73,151,152],{},"Base",[73,154,101],{},[73,156,116],{},[83,158,159,168,177,186,195,204,213,222,231],{},[70,160,161,164,166],{},[88,162,163],{},"cut",[88,165,163],{},[88,167,163],{},[70,169,170,173,175],{},[88,171,172],{},"put",[88,174,172],{},[88,176,172],{},[70,178,179,182,184],{},[88,180,181],{},"let",[88,183,181],{},[88,185,181],{},[70,187,188,191,193],{},[88,189,190],{},"set",[88,192,190],{},[88,194,190],{},[70,196,197,200,202],{},[88,198,199],{},"hit",[88,201,199],{},[88,203,199],{},[70,205,206,209,211],{},[88,207,208],{},"cost",[88,210,208],{},[88,212,208],{},[70,214,215,218,220],{},[88,216,217],{},"hurt",[88,219,217],{},[88,221,217],{},[70,223,224,227,229],{},[88,225,226],{},"shut",[88,228,226],{},[88,230,226],{},[70,232,233,236,238],{},[88,234,235],{},"read",[88,237,235],{},[88,239,235],{},[47,241,242,243,245],{},"(Note that ",[51,244,235],{}," is spelled the same but the past forms are pronounced \"red\".)",[56,247,249],{"id":248},"pattern-2-past-simple-and-participle-the-same","Pattern 2: past simple and participle the same",[47,251,252],{},"A very large group. Learn one changed form and it covers both.",[64,254,255,265],{},[67,256,257],{},[70,258,259,261,263],{},[73,260,152],{},[73,262,101],{},[73,264,116],{},[83,266,267,277,287,297,307,317,327,337,347,357,367,377,387,397,407,417,427,437,447,457,467],{},[70,268,269,272,275],{},[88,270,271],{},"buy",[88,273,274],{},"bought",[88,276,274],{},[70,278,279,282,285],{},[88,280,281],{},"bring",[88,283,284],{},"brought",[88,286,284],{},[70,288,289,292,295],{},[88,290,291],{},"think",[88,293,294],{},"thought",[88,296,294],{},[70,298,299,302,305],{},[88,300,301],{},"catch",[88,303,304],{},"caught",[88,306,304],{},[70,308,309,312,315],{},[88,310,311],{},"teach",[88,313,314],{},"taught",[88,316,314],{},[70,318,319,322,325],{},[88,320,321],{},"make",[88,323,324],{},"made",[88,326,324],{},[70,328,329,332,335],{},[88,330,331],{},"have",[88,333,334],{},"had",[88,336,334],{},[70,338,339,342,345],{},[88,340,341],{},"say",[88,343,344],{},"said",[88,346,344],{},[70,348,349,352,355],{},[88,350,351],{},"pay",[88,353,354],{},"paid",[88,356,354],{},[70,358,359,362,365],{},[88,360,361],{},"find",[88,363,364],{},"found",[88,366,364],{},[70,368,369,372,375],{},[88,370,371],{},"sit",[88,373,374],{},"sat",[88,376,374],{},[70,378,379,382,385],{},[88,380,381],{},"stand",[88,383,384],{},"stood",[88,386,384],{},[70,388,389,392,395],{},[88,390,391],{},"lose",[88,393,394],{},"lost",[88,396,394],{},[70,398,399,402,405],{},[88,400,401],{},"sell",[88,403,404],{},"sold",[88,406,404],{},[70,408,409,412,415],{},[88,410,411],{},"tell",[88,413,414],{},"told",[88,416,414],{},[70,418,419,422,425],{},[88,420,421],{},"feel",[88,423,424],{},"felt",[88,426,424],{},[70,428,429,432,435],{},[88,430,431],{},"keep",[88,433,434],{},"kept",[88,436,434],{},[70,438,439,442,445],{},[88,440,441],{},"sleep",[88,443,444],{},"slept",[88,446,444],{},[70,448,449,452,455],{},[88,450,451],{},"leave",[88,453,454],{},"left",[88,456,454],{},[70,458,459,462,465],{},[88,460,461],{},"meet",[88,463,464],{},"met",[88,466,464],{},[70,468,469,472,475],{},[88,470,471],{},"win",[88,473,474],{},"won",[88,476,474],{},[56,478,480],{"id":479},"pattern-3-all-three-forms-different","Pattern 3: all three forms different",[47,482,483],{},"The group learners find hardest, because there is nothing to fall back on. Many\nof these are among the most common verbs in the language, so they repay the\neffort.",[64,485,486,496],{},[67,487,488],{},[70,489,490,492,494],{},[73,491,152],{},[73,493,101],{},[73,495,116],{},[83,497,498,509,520,528,539,550,561,572,582,592,602,613,624,635,646,657,668,679,690,701,712,723,734,745,756,767,778,789,800,811,822,833],{},[70,499,500,503,506],{},[88,501,502],{},"be",[88,504,505],{},"was \u002F were",[88,507,508],{},"been",[70,510,511,514,517],{},[88,512,513],{},"do",[88,515,516],{},"did",[88,518,519],{},"done",[70,521,522,524,526],{},[88,523,93],{},[88,525,104],{},[88,527,119],{},[70,529,530,533,536],{},[88,531,532],{},"see",[88,534,535],{},"saw",[88,537,538],{},"seen",[70,540,541,544,547],{},[88,542,543],{},"eat",[88,545,546],{},"ate",[88,548,549],{},"eaten",[70,551,552,555,558],{},[88,553,554],{},"give",[88,556,557],{},"gave",[88,559,560],{},"given",[70,562,563,566,569],{},[88,564,565],{},"take",[88,567,568],{},"took",[88,570,571],{},"taken",[70,573,574,577,580],{},[88,575,576],{},"come",[88,578,579],{},"came",[88,581,576],{},[70,583,584,587,590],{},[88,585,586],{},"become",[88,588,589],{},"became",[88,591,586],{},[70,593,594,597,600],{},[88,595,596],{},"run",[88,598,599],{},"ran",[88,601,596],{},[70,603,604,607,610],{},[88,605,606],{},"know",[88,608,609],{},"knew",[88,611,612],{},"known",[70,614,615,618,621],{},[88,616,617],{},"grow",[88,619,620],{},"grew",[88,622,623],{},"grown",[70,625,626,629,632],{},[88,627,628],{},"throw",[88,630,631],{},"threw",[88,633,634],{},"thrown",[70,636,637,640,643],{},[88,638,639],{},"fly",[88,641,642],{},"flew",[88,644,645],{},"flown",[70,647,648,651,654],{},[88,649,650],{},"draw",[88,652,653],{},"drew",[88,655,656],{},"drawn",[70,658,659,662,665],{},[88,660,661],{},"show",[88,663,664],{},"showed",[88,666,667],{},"shown",[70,669,670,673,676],{},[88,671,672],{},"write",[88,674,675],{},"wrote",[88,677,678],{},"written",[70,680,681,684,687],{},[88,682,683],{},"drive",[88,685,686],{},"drove",[88,688,689],{},"driven",[70,691,692,695,698],{},[88,693,694],{},"ride",[88,696,697],{},"rode",[88,699,700],{},"ridden",[70,702,703,706,709],{},[88,704,705],{},"rise",[88,707,708],{},"rose",[88,710,711],{},"risen",[70,713,714,717,720],{},[88,715,716],{},"break",[88,718,719],{},"broke",[88,721,722],{},"broken",[70,724,725,728,731],{},[88,726,727],{},"speak",[88,729,730],{},"spoke",[88,732,733],{},"spoken",[70,735,736,739,742],{},[88,737,738],{},"choose",[88,740,741],{},"chose",[88,743,744],{},"chosen",[70,746,747,750,753],{},[88,748,749],{},"forget",[88,751,752],{},"forgot",[88,754,755],{},"forgotten",[70,757,758,761,764],{},[88,759,760],{},"get",[88,762,763],{},"got",[88,765,766],{},"got (got \u002F gotten in US)",[70,768,769,772,775],{},[88,770,771],{},"forgive",[88,773,774],{},"forgave",[88,776,777],{},"forgiven",[70,779,780,783,786],{},[88,781,782],{},"hide",[88,784,785],{},"hid",[88,787,788],{},"hidden",[70,790,791,794,797],{},[88,792,793],{},"bite",[88,795,796],{},"bit",[88,798,799],{},"bitten",[70,801,802,805,808],{},[88,803,804],{},"fall",[88,806,807],{},"fell",[88,809,810],{},"fallen",[70,812,813,816,819],{},[88,814,815],{},"wear",[88,817,818],{},"wore",[88,820,821],{},"worn",[70,823,824,827,830],{},[88,825,826],{},"tear",[88,828,829],{},"tore",[88,831,832],{},"torn",[70,834,835,838,841],{},[88,836,837],{},"wake",[88,839,840],{},"woke",[88,842,843],{},"woken",[56,845,847],{"id":846},"pattern-4-the-vowel-change-families","Pattern 4: the vowel-change families",[47,849,850],{},"A subset of pattern 3, but worth seeing together because the vowel shifts the\nsame way (i, a, u). Spot the family and several verbs come for free.",[64,852,853,863],{},[67,854,855],{},[70,856,857,859,861],{},[73,858,152],{},[73,860,101],{},[73,862,116],{},[83,864,865,876,887,898,909,920],{},[70,866,867,870,873],{},[88,868,869],{},"sing",[88,871,872],{},"sang",[88,874,875],{},"sung",[70,877,878,881,884],{},[88,879,880],{},"ring",[88,882,883],{},"rang",[88,885,886],{},"rung",[70,888,889,892,895],{},[88,890,891],{},"drink",[88,893,894],{},"drank",[88,896,897],{},"drunk",[70,899,900,903,906],{},[88,901,902],{},"swim",[88,904,905],{},"swam",[88,907,908],{},"swum",[70,910,911,914,917],{},[88,912,913],{},"begin",[88,915,916],{},"began",[88,918,919],{},"begun",[70,921,922,925,928],{},[88,923,924],{},"sink",[88,926,927],{},"sank",[88,929,930],{},"sunk",[56,932,934],{"id":933},"how-to-learn-them","How to learn them",[936,937,938,946,952],"ul",{},[939,940,941,945],"li",{},[942,943,944],"strong",{},"Learn the high-frequency ones first."," Be, have, do, go, say, get, make,\nknow, take, see and come appear constantly. Master those and you have covered\nmost of your daily speech.",[939,947,948,951],{},[942,949,950],{},"Learn in families, not alphabetically."," A list of 100 verbs in A-to-Z order\nis a slog. The patterns above give you handholds.",[939,953,954,957],{},[942,955,956],{},"Always learn the participle with the past."," Learn \"go, went, gone\" as a\nset, out loud, not just \"go, went\".",[56,959,961],{"id":960},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[47,963,964],{},"Ranked by how often they actually appear:",[966,967,968,978,987,1000],"ol",{},[939,969,970,973,974,977],{},[942,971,972],{},"Using the past simple as the participle."," ",[51,975,976],{},"I have went, she has ate, they\nhave wrote."," The present perfect needs the participle: gone, eaten, written.",[939,979,980,973,983,986],{},[942,981,982],{},"Regularising an irregular verb.",[51,984,985],{},"He goed, she buyed, they teached."," These\nverbs do not take -ed.",[939,988,989,973,992,995,996,999],{},[942,990,991],{},"Confusing the past and the participle in patterns 3 and 4.",[51,993,994],{},"I have saw it","\n(should be seen), ",[51,997,998],{},"she has began"," (should be begun).",[939,1001,1002,973,1005,1008,1009,1012,1013,1016,1017,1020],{},[942,1003,1004],{},"lie vs lay.",[51,1006,1007],{},"Lie"," (to recline) goes lie, lay, lain. ",[51,1010,1011],{},"Lay"," (to put down)\ngoes lay, laid, laid. They overlap confusingly because the past of ",[51,1014,1015],{},"lie"," is\n",[51,1018,1019],{},"lay",".",[56,1022,1024],{"id":1023},"practice","Practice",[47,1026,1027],{},"Put the verb in the correct form. Answers are below.",[966,1029,1030,1038,1044,1050,1056],{},[939,1031,1032,1033,1037],{},"I have ",[1034,1035,1036],"code",{},"___"," (lose) my passport.",[939,1039,1040,1041,1043],{},"She ",[1034,1042,1036],{}," (buy) a new phone yesterday.",[939,1045,1046,1047,1049],{},"They have ",[1034,1048,1036],{}," (eat) all the cake.",[939,1051,1052,1053,1055],{},"He ",[1034,1054,1036],{}," (go) to work an hour ago.",[939,1057,1058,1059,1061],{},"We have never ",[1034,1060,1036],{}," (see) snow.",[47,1063,1064,1067],{},[942,1065,1066],{},"Answers:"," 1. lost 2. bought 3. eaten 4. went 5. seen",{"title":1069,"searchDepth":1070,"depth":1070,"links":1071},"",2,[1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079],{"id":58,"depth":1070,"text":59},{"id":139,"depth":1070,"text":140},{"id":248,"depth":1070,"text":249},{"id":479,"depth":1070,"text":480},{"id":846,"depth":1070,"text":847},{"id":933,"depth":1070,"text":934},{"id":960,"depth":1070,"text":961},{"id":1023,"depth":1070,"text":1024},"A2","A complete English irregular verbs list with past simple and past participle forms, grouped by pattern so you learn them in families. Includes the rules and common mistakes.","md",[1084,1087,1090,1093],{"q":1085,"a":1086},"What is an irregular verb?","An irregular verb is one whose past simple and past participle are not formed by adding -ed. Regular verbs follow the pattern work, worked, worked. Irregular verbs change in unpredictable ways, like go, went, gone or buy, bought, bought, so you have to learn each one.",{"q":1088,"a":1089},"What are the three forms of an irregular verb?","The base form (go), the past simple (went) and the past participle (gone). You use the past simple for the past tense and the past participle for the present perfect (I have gone) and the passive (it was done).",{"q":1091,"a":1092},"How many irregular verbs are there in English?","There are around 200 irregular verbs, but only about 100 are common in everyday English, and the most frequent 50 or so cover the vast majority of what you will read and say. Learn the high-frequency ones first.",{"q":1094,"a":1095},"Is it got or gotten?","Both are correct, but they belong to different varieties. British English uses got as the past participle of get (I have got a new car). American English uses gotten (I have gotten a new car). If you are learning British English, use got.","english",{},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Firregular-verbs",{"title":41,"description":1081},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Firregular-verbs","zE0LOR8RX66p5-VIYM7MT2aZRGK407QsAA7j8-IurJY"]