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fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":47,"title":48,"author":49,"body":50,"cefrLevel":968,"date":49,"description":969,"exercises":970,"extension":1063,"faqs":1064,"gcseTier":49,"intro":49,"language":1077,"lastUpdated":49,"meta":1078,"navigation":1079,"path":1080,"seo":1081,"stem":1082,"verbSlugs":49,"__hash__":1083},"pages\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Flinking-words.md","Linking words in English: however, although, despite, whereas and therefore",null,{"type":51,"value":52,"toc":955},"minimark",[53,70,73,78,81,182,185,207,217,222,231,259,276,297,300,306,318,321,328,338,342,345,401,414,426,431,435,444,456,463,473,487,496,500,503,574,596,613,617,620,660,664,804,808,811,902,906,909,941],[54,55,56,57,61,65,66,69],"p",{},"Most guides to linking words hand you a list of twenty and leave you to it. That\nis not where learners actually go wrong. The errors cluster on one point, and it\nis not about meaning at all: ",[58,59,60],"strong",{},"it is about what grammar the word takes after it.",[62,63,64],"em",{},"Although"," and ",[62,67,68],{},"despite"," mean the same thing. One takes a clause and one takes a\nnoun, and mixing them up is easily the most common mistake in written English at\nthis level.",[54,71,72],{},"So start there, and treat the rest of the list as detail.",[74,75,77],"h2",{"id":76},"the-rule-that-fixes-half-the-errors","The rule that fixes half the errors",[54,79,80],{},"Line the two up.",[82,83,84,100],"table",{},[85,86,87],"thead",{},[88,89,90,94,97],"tr",{},[91,92,93],"th",{},"Word",[91,95,96],{},"What follows it",[91,98,99],{},"Example",[101,102,103,119,134,148,166],"tbody",{},[88,104,105,111,114],{},[106,107,108],"td",{},[62,109,110],{},"although",[106,112,113],{},"a clause (subject + verb)",[106,115,116],{},[62,117,118],{},"Although it was cold, we walked.",[88,120,121,126,129],{},[106,122,123],{},[62,124,125],{},"though",[106,127,128],{},"a clause",[106,130,131],{},[62,132,133],{},"Though it was cold, we walked.",[88,135,136,141,143],{},[106,137,138],{},[62,139,140],{},"even though",[106,142,128],{},[106,144,145],{},[62,146,147],{},"Even though it was cold, we walked.",[88,149,150,154,161],{},[106,151,152],{},[62,153,68],{},[106,155,156,157,160],{},"a noun or an ",[62,158,159],{},"-ing"," form",[106,162,163],{},[62,164,165],{},"Despite the cold, we walked.",[88,167,168,173,177],{},[106,169,170],{},[62,171,172],{},"in spite of",[106,174,156,175,160],{},[62,176,159],{},[106,178,179],{},[62,180,181],{},"In spite of the cold, we walked.",[54,183,184],{},"All five sentences say the same thing. The difference is entirely mechanical:",[186,187,188,198],"ul",{},[189,190,191,194,195,197],"li",{},[62,192,193],{},"Although the cold, we walked."," Wrong. ",[62,196,64],{}," needs a verb after it.",[189,199,200,194,203,206],{},[62,201,202],{},"Despite it was cold, we walked.",[62,204,205],{},"Despite"," cannot take a clause.",[54,208,209,210,212,213,216],{},"There is a bridge if you need a clause after ",[62,211,68],{},". Add ",[62,214,215],{},"the fact that",":",[54,218,219],{},[62,220,221],{},"Despite the fact that it was cold, we walked.",[54,223,224,225,227,228,230],{},"It is heavy, and in most sentences you should simply use ",[62,226,110],{}," instead, but\nit is correct and it is the only way to get a clause after ",[62,229,68],{},".",[54,232,233,234,65,236,238,239,241,242,245,246,65,249,252,253,258],{},"One more thing about ",[62,235,68],{},[62,237,172],{},": because they behave like\nprepositions, the verb form after them is the ",[62,240,159],{}," form, exactly as it is after\n",[62,243,244],{},"at",", ",[62,247,248],{},"in",[62,250,251],{},"before",". See\n",[254,255,257],"a",{"href":256},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fgerund-and-infinitive","gerund and infinitive"," for the wider\nrule.",[186,260,261,271],{},[189,262,263,266,267,270],{},[62,264,265],{},"Despite being ill, he came to work."," (not ",[62,268,269],{},"despite to be ill",")",[189,272,273],{},[62,274,275],{},"In spite of losing, they were happy.",[54,277,278,279,283,284,288,289,292,293,296],{},"Finally, note the spelling. It is ",[58,280,281],{},[62,282,172],{},", three words, and ",[58,285,286],{},[62,287,68],{},"\nwith no ",[62,290,291],{},"of"," at all. ",[62,294,295],{},"Despite of the rain"," is a blend of the two and is wrong.",[74,298,299],{"id":299},"however",[54,301,302,305],{},[62,303,304],{},"However"," is an adverb, not a conjunction, and that distinction has one practical\nconsequence: it cannot glue two clauses together on its own. It belongs at the\nstart of a new sentence, followed by a comma.",[186,307,308,313],{},[189,309,310],{},[62,311,312],{},"It was late. However, we kept going.",[189,314,315],{},[62,316,317],{},"The food was cheap. However, it was very good.",[54,319,320],{},"You may also drop it inside the sentence, between commas, which slows the\nsentence down and adds weight to the contrast:",[186,322,323],{},[189,324,325],{},[62,326,327],{},"We kept going, however, until it was dark.",[54,329,330,331,334,335,230],{},"What you cannot write is ",[62,332,333],{},"it was late, however we kept going",". That is a comma\njoining two full clauses, which English does not allow. Fix it with a full stop,\na semicolon, or ",[62,336,337],{},"but",[74,339,341],{"id":340},"but-however-although-the-same-idea-three-grammars","but, however, although: the same idea, three grammars",[54,343,344],{},"These three carry roughly the same meaning and are not interchangeable in form.",[82,346,347,358],{},[85,348,349],{},[88,350,351,353,356],{},[91,352,93],{},[91,354,355],{},"Joins",[91,357,99],{},[101,359,360,374,388],{},[88,361,362,366,369],{},[106,363,364],{},[62,365,337],{},[106,367,368],{},"two clauses, in one sentence",[106,370,371],{},[62,372,373],{},"It was late, but we kept going.",[88,375,376,380,383],{},[106,377,378],{},[62,379,110],{},[106,381,382],{},"two clauses, one of them subordinate",[106,384,385],{},[62,386,387],{},"Although it was late, we kept going.",[88,389,390,394,397],{},[106,391,392],{},[62,393,299],{},[106,395,396],{},"two sentences",[106,398,399],{},[62,400,312],{},[54,402,403,404,407,408,410,411,413],{},"The classic learner error is to use two of them at once: ",[62,405,406],{},"Although it was late,\nbut we kept going."," English allows one linking word per join. Pick ",[62,409,110],{}," or\npick ",[62,412,337],{},", never both. If your first language does allow the pair (many do),\nthis will feel wrong for a while, and it is still the rule.",[54,415,416,419,420,423,424,230],{},[62,417,418],{},"Though"," has a use the others do not: at the ",[58,421,422],{},"end"," of a sentence, informally,\nmeaning ",[62,425,299],{},[54,427,428],{},[62,429,430],{},"It was late. We kept going, though.",[74,432,434],{"id":433},"whereas-and-while","whereas and while",[54,436,437,439,440,443],{},[62,438,64],{}," says the second fact is a surprise after the first. ",[62,441,442],{},"Whereas"," says no\nsuch thing. It simply sets two facts side by side and points at the difference.",[186,445,446,451],{},[189,447,448],{},[62,449,450],{},"My sister likes the sea, whereas I prefer the hills.",[189,452,453],{},[62,454,455],{},"The first film was long, whereas the second was over in an hour.",[54,457,458,459,462],{},"Nothing is unexpected there; the two halves are just different. That is why\n",[62,460,461],{},"whereas"," is common in writing that compares things and rare in speech.",[54,464,465,468,469,472],{},[62,466,467],{},"While"," can do the same job, at the cost of a small ambiguity, since ",[62,470,471],{},"while"," also\nmeans \"at the same time as\".",[186,474,475,481],{},[189,476,477,480],{},[62,478,479],{},"While the first team trained hard, the second did nothing."," (contrast)",[189,482,483,486],{},[62,484,485],{},"While I was cooking, the phone rang."," (time)",[54,488,489,490,492,493,495],{},"Context nearly always makes it clear, but if the sentence could be read either\nway, use ",[62,491,461],{}," for the contrast and keep ",[62,494,471],{}," for the time.",[74,497,499],{"id":498},"therefore-so-and-as-a-result","therefore, so and as a result",[54,501,502],{},"These give the result rather than the contrast. Again the split is grammatical.",[82,504,505,515],{},[85,506,507],{},[88,508,509,511,513],{},[91,510,93],{},[91,512,355],{},[91,514,99],{},[101,516,517,531,545,559],{},[88,518,519,524,526],{},[106,520,521],{},[62,522,523],{},"so",[106,525,368],{},[106,527,528],{},[62,529,530],{},"It was closed, so we went home.",[88,532,533,538,540],{},[106,534,535],{},[62,536,537],{},"therefore",[106,539,396],{},[106,541,542],{},[62,543,544],{},"It was closed. Therefore, we went home.",[88,546,547,552,554],{},[106,548,549],{},[62,550,551],{},"as a result",[106,553,396],{},[106,555,556],{},[62,557,558],{},"It was closed. As a result, we went home.",[88,560,561,566,569],{},[106,562,563],{},[62,564,565],{},"because",[106,567,568],{},"attaches the cause",[106,570,571],{},[62,572,573],{},"We went home because it was closed.",[54,575,576,579,580,582,583,586,587,589,590,592,593,595],{},[62,577,578],{},"Therefore"," behaves exactly like ",[62,581,299],{},": it is an adverb, so it takes a full\nstop or a semicolon before it, not a comma. ",[62,584,585],{},"It was closed, therefore we went\nhome"," has the same fault as the ",[62,588,299],{}," example above. In everyday writing,\n",[62,591,523],{}," is almost always the better word; ",[62,594,537],{}," carries a formal, slightly\nlegal weight that most sentences do not want.",[54,597,598,599,601,602,604,605,608,609,230],{},"Keep this ",[62,600,523],{}," apart from the ",[62,603,523],{}," that goes in front of an adjective (",[62,606,607],{},"it was so\ncold that we went home","), which is a different structure with its own rules; see\n",[254,610,612],{"href":611},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fso-such-too-enough","so, such, too and enough",[74,614,616],{"id":615},"position-and-punctuation","Position and punctuation",[54,618,619],{},"Three patterns cover nearly everything.",[621,622,623,635,644],"ol",{},[189,624,625,628,629,628,632,634],{},[58,626,627],{},"Linking word first, comma in the middle."," ",[62,630,631],{},"Although it was cold, we\nwalked.",[62,633,165],{}," The comma marks the end of the first\npart.",[189,636,637,628,640,643],{},[58,638,639],{},"Linking word in the middle, no comma.",[62,641,642],{},"We walked although it was cold.","\nBoth orders are correct; the first puts weight on the contrast, the second on\nthe main fact.",[189,645,646,628,649,652,653,245,655,245,657,230],{},[58,647,648],{},"Full stop, then the adverb and a comma.",[62,650,651],{},"It was cold. However, we walked.","\nSame for ",[62,654,537],{},[62,656,551],{},[62,658,659],{},"in addition",[74,661,663],{"id":662},"summary-table","Summary table",[82,665,666,679],{},[85,667,668],{},[88,669,670,673,676],{},[91,671,672],{},"Linking word",[91,674,675],{},"Meaning",[91,677,678],{},"Takes",[101,680,681,692,703,714,727,739,750,761,772,783,794],{},[88,682,683,687,690],{},[106,684,685],{},[62,686,110],{},[106,688,689],{},"contrast",[106,691,128],{},[88,693,694,698,700],{},[106,695,696],{},[62,697,125],{},[106,699,689],{},[106,701,702],{},"a clause (or sits at end)",[88,704,705,709,711],{},[106,706,707],{},[62,708,140],{},[106,710,689],{},[106,712,713],{},"a clause, stronger",[88,715,716,720,722],{},[106,717,718],{},[62,719,68],{},[106,721,689],{},[106,723,724,725],{},"a noun or ",[62,726,159],{},[88,728,729,733,735],{},[106,730,731],{},[62,732,172],{},[106,734,689],{},[106,736,724,737],{},[62,738,159],{},[88,740,741,745,747],{},[106,742,743],{},[62,744,299],{},[106,746,689],{},[106,748,749],{},"a new sentence",[88,751,752,756,758],{},[106,753,754],{},[62,755,461],{},[106,757,689],{},[106,759,760],{},"a clause, no surprise",[88,762,763,767,770],{},[106,764,765],{},[62,766,471],{},[106,768,769],{},"contrast or time",[106,771,128],{},[88,773,774,778,780],{},[106,775,776],{},[62,777,337],{},[106,779,689],{},[106,781,782],{},"a second clause",[88,784,785,789,792],{},[106,786,787],{},[62,788,523],{},[106,790,791],{},"result",[106,793,782],{},[88,795,796,800,802],{},[106,797,798],{},[62,799,537],{},[106,801,791],{},[106,803,749],{},[74,805,807],{"id":806},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[54,809,810],{},"Ranked by how often learners actually make them.",[621,812,813,831,847,856,870,883],{},[189,814,815,628,820,823,824,827,828,230],{},[58,816,817,819],{},[62,818,205],{}," + clause.",[62,821,822],{},"Despite it was raining."," Use ",[62,825,826],{},"although it was\nraining",", or ",[62,829,830],{},"despite the rain",[189,832,833,628,838,823,841,827,844,230],{},[58,834,835,837],{},[62,836,64],{}," + noun.",[62,839,840],{},"Although the rain, we went out.",[62,842,843],{},"despite the\nrain",[62,845,846],{},"although it was raining",[189,848,849,628,852,855],{},[58,850,851],{},"Two linking words on one join.",[62,853,854],{},"Although it was late, but we went."," Drop\none of them.",[189,857,858,628,863,866,867],{},[58,859,860,862],{},[62,861,304],{}," with a comma in front.",[62,864,865],{},"It was late, however we went."," Use a\nfull stop or a semicolon: ",[62,868,869],{},"It was late. However, we went.",[189,871,872,877,878,65,880,882],{},[58,873,874,230],{},[62,875,876],{},"Despite of"," A blend of ",[62,879,68],{},[62,881,172],{},". It is one or the\nother, never a mix.",[189,884,885,628,892,895,896,898,899],{},[58,886,887,889,890,230],{},[62,888,578],{}," used as ",[62,891,523],{},[62,893,894],{},"The shop was shut, therefore we left."," Same\ncomma fault as ",[62,897,299],{},": ",[62,900,901],{},"The shop was shut, so we left.",[74,903,905],{"id":904},"practice","Practice",[54,907,908],{},"Complete each sentence. Answers are below.",[621,910,911,918,923,929,935],{},[189,912,913,917],{},[914,915,916],"code",{},"___"," the noise, the baby slept well.",[189,919,920,922],{},[914,921,916],{}," the noise was terrible, the baby slept well.",[189,924,925,926,928],{},"It rained all day. ",[914,927,916],{},", we still went out.",[189,930,931,932,934],{},"He likes the city, ",[914,933,916],{}," his wife prefers the country.",[189,936,937,938],{},"What is wrong with: ",[62,939,940],{},"Although he was ill, but he came to work.",[54,942,943,946,947,949,950,898,952],{},[58,944,945],{},"Answers:"," 1. Despite \u002F In spite of (a noun follows) 2. Although \u002F Though \u002F\nEven though (a clause follows) 3. However (a new sentence, with a comma after it) 4. whereas (a plain contrast, no surprise) 5. Two linking words on one join. Keep\n",[62,948,110],{}," and drop ",[62,951,337],{},[62,953,954],{},"Although he was ill, he came to work.",{"title":956,"searchDepth":957,"depth":957,"links":958},"",2,[959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967],{"id":76,"depth":957,"text":77},{"id":299,"depth":957,"text":299},{"id":340,"depth":957,"text":341},{"id":433,"depth":957,"text":434},{"id":498,"depth":957,"text":499},{"id":615,"depth":957,"text":616},{"id":662,"depth":957,"text":663},{"id":806,"depth":957,"text":807},{"id":904,"depth":957,"text":905},"B2","The difference between although and despite, where however goes, and how whereas, though, in spite of and therefore join ideas: what each one connects and what follows it.",[971,992,1015,1030],{"type":972,"instructions":973,"options":974,"items":975},"which-one","Choose although or despite. Remember what follows each one.",[110,68],[976,978,980,982,984,986,988,990],{"prompt":977,"answer":68},"___ the rain, we walked home.",{"prompt":979,"answer":110},"___ it was raining, we walked home.",{"prompt":981,"answer":110},"___ she was tired, she kept working.",{"prompt":983,"answer":68},"___ her age, she still swims every day.",{"prompt":985,"answer":68},"___ feeling ill, he came to work.",{"prompt":987,"answer":110},"___ he was ill, he came to work.",{"prompt":989,"answer":68},"___ the price, the food was very poor.",{"prompt":991,"answer":110},"___ we left early, we missed the train.",{"type":993,"instructions":994,"items":995},"fill-blank","Write the missing linking word in each sentence.",[996,998,1000,1002,1005,1008,1010,1013],{"prompt":997,"answer":304},"It was late. ___, we kept going.",{"prompt":999,"answer":461},"He works in the day, ___ his brother works at night.",{"prompt":1001,"answer":537},"The road was closed. We ___ had to turn back.",{"prompt":1003,"answer":205,"hint":1004},"___ the noise, she went to sleep.","a noun follows",{"prompt":1006,"answer":1007},"___ though it was cold, the sea was full of people.","Even",{"prompt":1009,"answer":110},"She said nothing, ___ she knew the answer.",{"prompt":1011,"answer":1012},"___ of the heat, they went on walking.","In spite",{"prompt":1014,"answer":125},"We were late. We missed the start, ___.",{"type":1016,"instructions":1017,"pairs":1018},"match","Match each linking word to what must follow it.",[1019,1021,1023,1024,1026,1028],{"left":110,"right":1020},"a clause: subject + verb",{"left":68,"right":1022},"a noun or an -ing form",{"left":172,"right":1022},{"left":299,"right":1025},"a comma, then a new clause",{"left":461,"right":1027},"a clause that contrasts with the first",{"left":537,"right":1029},"a clause giving the result",{"type":972,"instructions":1031,"items":1032},"Choose the sentence that is correct.",[1033,1038,1043,1048,1053,1058],{"prompt":1034,"answer":1035,"options":1036},"Contrast with a noun.","Despite the cold, we went out.",[1035,1037],"Despite it was cold, we went out.",{"prompt":1039,"answer":1040,"options":1041},"Contrast with a clause.","Although it was cold, we went out.",[1040,1042],"Although the cold, we went out.",{"prompt":1044,"answer":1045,"options":1046},"Two sentences joined.","It was cold. However, we went out.",[1045,1047],"It was cold, however we went out.",{"prompt":1049,"answer":1050,"options":1051},"A clause after despite.","Despite the fact that it was cold, we went out.",[1050,1052],"Despite that it was cold, we went out.",{"prompt":1054,"answer":1055,"options":1056},"One linking word, not two.","Although it was late, she called.",[1055,1057],"Although it was late, but she called.",{"prompt":1059,"answer":1060,"options":1061},"A result.","The shop was closed, so we went home.",[1060,1062],"The shop was closed, therefore we went home.","md",[1065,1068,1071,1074],{"q":1066,"a":1067},"What is the difference between although and despite?","Grammar, not meaning. Although is followed by a clause with a subject and a verb: although it was cold, we walked. Despite is followed by a noun or an -ing form: despite the cold, we walked, or despite being cold, we walked. If you want a clause after despite you must add the fact that: despite the fact that it was cold. This one rule fixes most linking-word errors.",{"q":1069,"a":1070},"Can I start a sentence with however?","Yes. However usually starts a new sentence and takes a comma after it: It was late. However, we kept going. What it cannot do is join two clauses with only a comma in front of it. It was late, however we kept going is wrong; use a full stop or a semicolon, or swap however for but.",{"q":1072,"a":1073},"What is the difference between whereas and although?","Although marks a surprise: the second fact is unexpected after the first. Whereas marks a straight contrast between two facts, with no surprise involved: my sister likes the sea, whereas I prefer the hills. Neither is more polite; they carry different meanings, and whereas is more common in writing than in speech.",{"q":1075,"a":1076},"Is though the same as although?","In front of a clause, yes, and though is the more informal of the two: though it was late, we kept going. Though has one extra use that although does not have, at the end of a sentence, meaning however: It was late. We kept going, though. Even though is simply a stronger although.","english",{},true,"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Flinking-words",{"title":48,"description":969},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Flinking-words","Vlzqm3usRqwNh3Y0_Fu7OUS3kR9oM9IpPdeP2XCNNxI",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1085},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1087},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]