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fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":47,"title":48,"author":49,"body":50,"cefrLevel":776,"date":49,"description":777,"exercises":778,"extension":909,"faqs":910,"gcseTier":49,"intro":49,"language":923,"lastUpdated":49,"meta":924,"navigation":925,"path":926,"seo":927,"stem":928,"verbSlugs":49,"__hash__":929},"pages\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fparticiple-clauses.md","Participle clauses in English: -ing and -ed clauses, and the dangling participle trap",null,{"type":51,"value":52,"toc":763},"minimark",[53,66,69,74,77,84,100,121,135,179,200,204,207,216,228,238,251,263,267,278,370,377,384,388,394,422,433,437,440,445,452,455,481,488,493,500,505,508,512,529,533,639,643,646,712,716,719,750],[54,55,56,57,61,62,65],"p",{},"A participle clause is a short clause with no subject and no tense of its own,\nbuilt on a participle: ",[58,59,60],"em",{},"Walking home, I saw an old friend."," It means the same as\n",[58,63,64],{},"While I was walking home, I saw an old friend",", but it is shorter, and it does\nnot repeat the subject. That is the whole point of the structure.",[54,67,68],{},"Be honest with yourself about why you are learning this. Nobody speaks in\nparticiple clauses. You will not fail to be understood without them. What they do\nis make written English tighter, and they appear constantly in news reports,\nreviews, instructions and formal writing, so you need to read them fluently\nbefore you worry about producing them. Then, once you do produce them, there is\none way to go badly wrong, and it is funny enough to be worth a section of its\nown.",[70,71,73],"h2",{"id":72},"the-two-forms","The two forms",[54,75,76],{},"There are two basic participles, and choosing between them is the whole grammar.",[54,78,79,83],{},[80,81,82],"strong",{},"The -ing clause is active."," The subject of the main clause does the action.",[85,86,87,94],"ul",{},[88,89,90,93],"li",{},[58,91,92],{},"Feeling tired, she went to bed."," (She feels tired.)",[88,95,96,99],{},[58,97,98],{},"Hearing the news, they began to shout."," (They heard the news.)",[54,101,102,105,106,109,110,113,114,109,117,120],{},[80,103,104],{},"The -ed clause is passive."," The subject of the main clause receives the\naction. Irregular verbs use the third form, not the -ed one: ",[58,107,108],{},"written",", ",[58,111,112],{},"built",",\n",[58,115,116],{},"taken",[58,118,119],{},"sent",".",[85,122,123,129],{},[88,124,125,128],{},[58,126,127],{},"Built in 1890, the house is still strong."," (The house was built.)",[88,130,131,134],{},[58,132,133],{},"Written in a hurry, the letter was full of mistakes."," (The letter was\nwritten.)",[54,136,137,138,141,142,145,146,148,149,154,155,157,158,161,162,165,166,169,170,174,175,178],{},"One thing to keep separate before we go on. The ",[58,139,140],{},"-ing"," form here is not a gerund.\nIn ",[58,143,144],{},"I enjoy reading",", the ",[58,147,140],{}," word is a noun sitting where a noun goes, and\nwhich verbs take it is a question of vocabulary lists: that is the\n",[150,151,153],"a",{"href":152},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fgerund-and-infinitive","gerund and infinitive"," topic. Here the\n",[58,156,140],{}," word heads a whole clause and replaces ",[58,159,160],{},"while I was..."," or ",[58,163,164],{},"because\nshe...",". Same spelling, different machinery. In the same way, the ",[58,167,168],{},"-ed"," clause is\njust the ",[150,171,173],{"href":172},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpassive-voice","passive"," with ",[58,176,177],{},"be"," taken out.",[54,180,181,182,185,186,188,189,192,193,195,196,199],{},"The test takes two seconds. Turn the participle back into a full clause with the\nmain subject. If ",[58,183,184],{},"she was feeling"," works, use ",[58,187,140],{},". If ",[58,190,191],{},"the letter was written","\nworks, use the ",[58,194,168],{}," form. Getting this the wrong way round is the most common\nerror in the topic, and it produces sentences like ",[58,197,198],{},"writing in a hurry, the\nletter was full of mistakes",", which says the letter did the writing.",[70,201,203],{"id":202},"having-done-and-the-negative","Having done, and the negative",[54,205,206],{},"Two variations cover most of what is left.",[54,208,209,215],{},[80,210,211,214],{},[58,212,213],{},"Having"," + past participle"," marks one action as finished before the other. Use\nit when the order matters.",[85,217,218,223],{},[88,219,220],{},[58,221,222],{},"Having finished his work, he went out.",[88,224,225],{},[58,226,227],{},"Having spent all the money, he could not pay for the taxi.",[54,229,230,231,234,235],{},"The passive version is ",[58,232,233],{},"having been"," + past participle: ",[58,236,237],{},"Having been fed, the\nhorses were led back.",[54,239,240,243,244,247,248,120],{},[80,241,242],{},"Negatives go in front",", not after. It is ",[58,245,246],{},"not knowing",", never ",[58,249,250],{},"knowing not",[85,252,253,258],{},[88,254,255],{},[58,256,257],{},"Not knowing what to say, he said nothing.",[88,259,260],{},[58,261,262],{},"Not having the answer, I stayed quiet.",[70,264,266],{"id":265},"participle-clauses-instead-of-relative-clauses","Participle clauses instead of relative clauses",[54,268,269,270,274,275,277],{},"A large share of the participle clauses you meet in reading are simply\n",[150,271,273],{"href":272},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Frelative-clauses","relative clauses"," with the pronoun and the\nverb ",[58,276,177],{}," removed. This works only in defining clauses, and only when the\nrelative pronoun is the subject.",[279,280,281,294],"table",{},[282,283,284],"thead",{},[285,286,287,291],"tr",{},[288,289,290],"th",{},"Full relative clause",[288,292,293],{},"Participle clause",[295,296,297,310,322,334,346,358],"tbody",{},[285,298,299,305],{},[300,301,302],"td",{},[58,303,304],{},"The man who is sitting there",[300,306,307],{},[58,308,309],{},"The man sitting there",[285,311,312,317],{},[300,313,314],{},[58,315,316],{},"The girl who was crying",[300,318,319],{},[58,320,321],{},"The girl crying",[285,323,324,329],{},[300,325,326],{},[58,327,328],{},"The money that was kept in a bag",[300,330,331],{},[58,332,333],{},"The money kept in a bag",[285,335,336,341],{},[300,337,338],{},[58,339,340],{},"A house that was built in 1890",[300,342,343],{},[58,344,345],{},"A house built in 1890",[285,347,348,353],{},[300,349,350],{},[58,351,352],{},"People who live near the sea",[300,354,355],{},[58,356,357],{},"People living near the sea",[285,359,360,365],{},[300,361,362],{},[58,363,364],{},"The letters that were sent to me",[300,366,367],{},[58,368,369],{},"The letters sent to me",[54,371,372,373,376],{},"Notice these ones sit ",[80,374,375],{},"after"," the noun, with no comma, and answer \"which one?\"\nThis is a different job from the clauses at the start of a sentence, which\nanswer \"when?\" or \"why?\" Same form, two uses.",[54,378,379,380,383],{},"Two limits worth knowing. You cannot do this when the pronoun is the object\n(",[58,381,382],{},"the film that I saw"," has no participle version), and you cannot do it in a\nnon-defining clause with commas.",[70,385,387],{"id":386},"what-an-ing-clause-actually-means","What an -ing clause actually means",[54,389,390,391,393],{},"An ",[58,392,140],{}," clause never states its own relationship to the main clause. The reader\nworks it out from the sense, which is exactly why the form is compact and also\nwhy a careless one is confusing. There are three normal readings.",[85,395,396,405,413],{},[88,397,398,401,402],{},[80,399,400],{},"At the same time."," ",[58,403,404],{},"Opening the box, he found a ring.",[88,406,407,401,410],{},[80,408,409],{},"Just before.",[58,411,412],{},"Turning round, she saw the dog.",[88,414,415,401,418,421],{},[80,416,417],{},"A reason.",[58,419,420],{},"Feeling ill, she went home."," (= because she felt ill)",[54,423,424,425,428,429,432],{},"There is a fourth, less common, which comes after the main clause and gives the\n",[80,426,427],{},"result",": ",[58,430,431],{},"The wind blew all night, bringing down two trees."," Note the order:\nthe result comes second, because it follows from what came first. Put it at the\nfront and you change the meaning.",[70,434,436],{"id":435},"the-dangling-participle","The dangling participle",[54,438,439],{},"Here is the trap. A participle clause has no subject of its own, so English\nassumes its subject is the subject of the main clause. If those two do not match,\nthe sentence says something absurd. This is called a dangling participle, and\nonce you can see it you will find it everywhere in real writing.",[54,441,442],{},[58,443,444],{},"Standing at the window in nothing but a towel, the postman waved at me.",[54,446,447,448,451],{},"The subject of the main clause is ",[58,449,450],{},"the postman",". So it is the postman who is\nstanding there in the towel, waving. That is not the sentence anybody meant to\nwrite.",[54,453,454],{},"More of the same:",[85,456,457,463,469,475],{},[88,458,459,462],{},[58,460,461],{},"Cooked slowly for six hours, my sister served the lamb."," (My sister was in the\noven.)",[88,464,465,468],{},[58,466,467],{},"Having been fed and watered, the guide led the horses back."," (The guide had a\ngood breakfast.)",[88,470,471,474],{},[58,472,473],{},"Looking out of the window, the sea was blue."," (The sea was looking out of the\nwindow.)",[88,476,477,480],{},[58,478,479],{},"Being only six years old, my mother would not let me go."," (Mother is six.)",[54,482,483,484,487],{},"The fix is always one of two things. Either ",[80,485,486],{},"change the main clause so its\nsubject is the one doing the participle",":",[54,489,490],{},[58,491,492],{},"Standing at the window in nothing but a towel, I waved back at the postman.",[54,494,495,496,499],{},"Or ",[80,497,498],{},"give up on the participle and write a full clause"," with its own subject,\nwhich is usually the better sentence anyway:",[54,501,502],{},[58,503,504],{},"As I stood at the window in nothing but a towel, the postman waved at me.",[54,506,507],{},"The checking habit is simple: read the participle clause, then look straight at\nthe first noun after the comma. That noun is your subject, whether you like it or\nnot.",[70,509,511],{"id":510},"register-where-these-belong","Register: where these belong",[54,513,514,515,109,518,109,521,524,525,528],{},"Participle clauses are a written form. In speech they sound stiff or literary,\nand native speakers use full clauses instead: ",[58,516,517],{},"while I was walking home",[58,519,520],{},"after\nhe had finished",[58,522,523],{},"because she felt ill",". Reserve participle clauses for writing,\nand even there do not stack them. Two in one sentence\n(",[58,526,527],{},"Having finished the report and feeling pleased with himself, he...",") is already\npushing it; three reads like a bad news story.",[70,530,532],{"id":531},"summary-table","Summary table",[279,534,535,548],{},[282,536,537],{},[285,538,539,542,545],{},[288,540,541],{},"Form",[288,543,544],{},"Meaning",[288,546,547],{},"Example",[295,549,550,563,577,593,608,626],{},[285,551,552,556,559],{},[300,553,554],{},[58,555,140],{},[300,557,558],{},"active; same time or reason",[300,560,561],{},[58,562,420],{},[285,564,565,570,572],{},[300,566,567,569],{},[58,568,168],{}," \u002F 3rd form",[300,571,173],{},[300,573,574],{},[58,575,576],{},"Built in 1890, it still stands.",[285,578,579,585,588],{},[300,580,581,584],{},[58,582,583],{},"having"," + 3rd form",[300,586,587],{},"active, finished first",[300,589,590],{},[58,591,592],{},"Having eaten, they left.",[285,594,595,600,603],{},[300,596,597,599],{},[58,598,233],{}," + 3rd",[300,601,602],{},"passive, finished first",[300,604,605],{},[58,606,607],{},"Having been fed, the horses slept.",[285,609,610,618,621],{},[300,611,612,615,616],{},[58,613,614],{},"not"," + ",[58,617,140],{},[300,619,620],{},"negative",[300,622,623],{},[58,624,625],{},"Not knowing the way, we asked.",[285,627,628,631,634],{},[300,629,630],{},"after a noun",[300,632,633],{},"which one (relative)",[300,635,636],{},[58,637,638],{},"The man sitting there is my father.",[70,640,642],{"id":641},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[54,644,645],{},"Ranked by how often learners actually make them.",[647,648,649,661,667,676,688,700],"ol",{},[88,650,651,401,654,657,658],{},[80,652,653],{},"Using -ing when the meaning is passive.",[58,655,656],{},"Writing in a hurry, the letter was\nfull of mistakes."," The letter did not write anything: ",[58,659,660],{},"written in a hurry, the\nletter was full of mistakes.",[88,662,663,666],{},[80,664,665],{},"Dangling the participle."," The subject of the participle clause has to be\nthe subject of the main clause. If it is not, rewrite one half.",[88,668,669,401,672,675],{},[80,670,671],{},"Adding a subject to the participle clause.",[58,673,674],{},"She feeling tired, she went to\nbed"," is not English. The participle clause never has its own subject; that is\nthe definition of it.",[88,677,678,401,681,684,685,120],{},[80,679,680],{},"Putting not after the participle.",[58,682,683],{},"Knowing not what to say"," is old poetry,\nnot modern English. It is ",[58,686,687],{},"not knowing what to say",[88,689,690,401,693,696,697,120],{},[80,691,692],{},"Using a participle clause for two unconnected facts.",[58,694,695],{},"Living in Leeds, he\nhas two children."," There is no time link and no reason link, so the form has\nnothing to express. Use ",[58,698,699],{},"and",[88,701,702,705,706,708,709,120],{},[80,703,704],{},"Forgetting the comma."," A participle clause at the front of a sentence takes\na comma: ",[58,707,420],{}," One after a noun does not: ",[58,710,711],{},"the man\nsitting there",[70,713,715],{"id":714},"practice","Practice",[54,717,718],{},"Rewrite or complete each sentence. Answers are below.",[647,720,721,728,733,738,744],{},[88,722,723,727],{},[724,725,726],"code",{},"___"," (finish) the book, she turned off the light.",[88,729,730,732],{},[724,731,726],{}," (build) of wood, the bridge is very old.",[88,734,735,737],{},[724,736,726],{}," (not know) his name, I could not ask for him.",[88,739,740,741,743],{},"The woman ",[724,742,726],{}," (stand) by the door is my boss.",[88,745,746,747],{},"What is wrong with: ",[58,748,749],{},"Driving home, the rain got worse.",[54,751,752,755,756,759,760],{},[80,753,754],{},"Answers:"," 1. Having finished (one action clearly before the other) 2. Built\n(passive: the bridge was built) 3. Not knowing (negative in front) 4. standing\n(after the noun, short for ",[58,757,758],{},"who is standing",") 5. It dangles: the rain was not\ndriving home. Write ",[58,761,762],{},"As I drove home, the rain got worse.",{"title":764,"searchDepth":765,"depth":765,"links":766},"",2,[767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775],{"id":72,"depth":765,"text":73},{"id":202,"depth":765,"text":203},{"id":265,"depth":765,"text":266},{"id":386,"depth":765,"text":387},{"id":435,"depth":765,"text":436},{"id":510,"depth":765,"text":511},{"id":531,"depth":765,"text":532},{"id":641,"depth":765,"text":642},{"id":714,"depth":765,"text":715},"B2","How participle clauses work in English: -ing clauses, -ed clauses, having done, not knowing, how they shorten relative clauses, and how to avoid a dangling participle.",[779,823,859,891],{"type":780,"instructions":781,"items":782},"which-one","Choose the correct participle form for each sentence.",[783,788,793,798,803,808,813,818],{"prompt":784,"answer":785,"options":786},"___ home, I saw an old friend.","Walking",[785,787],"Walked",{"prompt":789,"answer":790,"options":791},"___ in 1890, the house is still strong.","Built",[790,792],"Building",{"prompt":794,"answer":795,"options":796},"___ the door, she left the house.","Closing",[795,797],"Closed",{"prompt":799,"answer":800,"options":801},"___ by the police, the man said nothing.","Stopped",[800,802],"Stopping",{"prompt":804,"answer":805,"options":806},"___ what to say, he said nothing.","Not knowing",[805,807],"Not known",{"prompt":809,"answer":810,"options":811},"The money ___ in the bag was gone.","kept",[810,812],"keeping",{"prompt":814,"answer":815,"options":816},"The girl ___ on the wall is my sister.","sitting",[815,817],"sat",{"prompt":819,"answer":820,"options":821},"___ his work, he went out for a walk.","Having finished",[820,822],"Having been finished",{"type":824,"instructions":825,"items":826},"fill-blank","Write the participle form of the verb in the hint.",[827,831,835,839,843,847,851,855],{"prompt":828,"answer":829,"hint":830},"___ tired, she went to bed early.","Feeling","feel",{"prompt":832,"answer":833,"hint":834},"___ in a hurry, the letter was full of mistakes.","Written","write",{"prompt":836,"answer":837,"hint":838},"___ the news, they began to shout.","Hearing","hear",{"prompt":840,"answer":841,"hint":842},"___ in the fire, the papers were lost.","Burnt","burn",{"prompt":844,"answer":845,"hint":846},"___ all the money, he could not pay for the taxi.","Having spent","spend, before the main verb",{"prompt":848,"answer":849,"hint":850},"___ well, the machine will last for years.","Used","use, passive",{"prompt":852,"answer":853,"hint":854},"___ up early, we caught the first train.","Getting","get",{"prompt":856,"answer":857,"hint":858},"___ the answer, I said nothing at all.","Not having","have, negative",{"type":780,"instructions":860,"items":861},"One sentence in each pair has a dangling participle. Choose the sentence that says what the writer means.",[862,867,872,877,882,886],{"prompt":863,"answer":864,"options":865},"The dog was cold and wet.","Wrapping the dog in my coat, I carried it inside.",[864,866],"Wrapped in my coat, I carried the dog inside.",{"prompt":868,"answer":869,"options":870},"The meat was cooked for six hours. My sister served it.","Cooked slowly for six hours, the meat was excellent.",[869,871],"Cooked slowly for six hours, my sister served the meat.",{"prompt":873,"answer":874,"options":875},"I was standing at the window. The postman waved.","As I stood at the window, the postman waved at me.",[874,876],"Standing at the window, the postman waved at me.",{"prompt":878,"answer":879,"options":880},"The horses had been washed. Then the man took them back.","Having been washed, the horses were taken back.",[879,881],"Having been washed, the man took the horses back.",{"prompt":883,"answer":884,"options":885},"I looked out of the window of the train.","Looking out of the window, I saw the sea.",[884,473],{"prompt":887,"answer":888,"options":889},"The box was heavy. I hurt my back.","Lifting the heavy box, I hurt my back.",[888,890],"Lifting the heavy box, my back hurt.",{"type":892,"instructions":893,"pairs":894},"match","Match each participle clause to the idea it carries.",[895,897,900,902,905,907],{"left":420,"right":896},"a reason",{"left":898,"right":899},"Opening the box, he saw a ring.","at the same time",{"left":592,"right":901},"one action before the other",{"left":903,"right":904},"Built in 1890, it is still strong.","passive, a shorter clause",{"left":625,"right":906},"a negative reason",{"left":638,"right":908},"which one, after the noun","md",[911,914,917,920],{"q":912,"a":913},"What is a participle clause in English?","A participle clause is a short clause built on a participle instead of a full verb, with no subject and no tense of its own. Walking home, I saw an old friend is a participle clause plus a main clause; it means the same as while I was walking home, I saw an old friend. The -ing form is active and the -ed form is passive: built in 1890, the house is still standing.",{"q":915,"a":916},"When do I use an -ing clause and when do I use an -ed clause?","Use the -ing form when the subject of the main clause does the action: feeling tired, she went to bed. Use the -ed form when the subject receives the action: written in a hurry, the letter was full of mistakes. If you can say the subject was somethinged, you want the -ed form. Getting this backwards is the most common error in the whole topic.",{"q":918,"a":919},"What is a dangling participle?","A dangling participle is a participle clause whose hidden subject is not the subject of the main clause, so the sentence says something you did not mean. Standing at the window in nothing but a towel, the postman waved at me puts the postman in the towel. The fix is to make the two subjects match, or to write a full clause with its own subject.",{"q":921,"a":922},"Do I have to use participle clauses, or can I just write two sentences?","You never have to use them. They are a style tool, not a rule: they make writing shorter and less repetitive, which is why they turn up constantly in news reports, reviews and formal writing and almost never in casual speech. Learn to read them first, then use them in writing where a full clause would feel heavy.","english",{},true,"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fparticiple-clauses",{"title":48,"description":777},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Fparticiple-clauses","7-ZX5_41PkZKGSYyj9XK1zVnkUE04K3f2gbZsZ8gP2A",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":931},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":933},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]