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it",null,{"type":44,"value":45,"toc":863},"minimark",[46,50,55,63,119,127,132,135,183,206,210,213,269,279,283,289,397,405,409,416,445,469,473,485,498,519,526,585,589,592,596,599,611,615,618,630,634,637,649,653,656,701,704,708,711,725,742,746,749,811,815,818,857],[47,48,49],"p",{},"The past simple, also called the simple past, is the tense you reach for most\nwhen you talk about the past. It describes something that started and finished at\na known time before now. The good news is that the form barely changes: unlike\nmany languages, English uses one past simple form for every person.",[51,52,54],"h2",{"id":53},"how-to-form-the-past-simple","How to form the past simple",[47,56,57,58,62],{},"For regular verbs, you add ",[59,60,61],"strong",{},"-ed"," to the base form. That is the whole rule, and\nit is the same for I, you, he, she, it, we and they.",[64,65,66,82],"table",{},[67,68,69],"thead",{},[70,71,72,76,79],"tr",{},[73,74,75],"th",{},"Subject",[73,77,78],{},"Base verb",[73,80,81],{},"Past simple",[83,84,85,97,108],"tbody",{},[70,86,87,91,94],{},[88,89,90],"td",{},"I \u002F you \u002F we \u002F they",[88,92,93],{},"work",[88,95,96],{},"worked",[70,98,99,102,105],{},[88,100,101],{},"he \u002F she \u002F it",[88,103,104],{},"play",[88,106,107],{},"played",[70,109,110,113,116],{},[88,111,112],{},"I \u002F you \u002F he \u002F she \u002F we \u002F they",[88,114,115],{},"finish",[88,117,118],{},"finished",[47,120,121,122,126],{},"So ",[123,124,125],"em",{},"I worked, she worked, they worked"," are all identical. There is no extra -s\nfor he or she the way there is in the present.",[128,129,131],"h3",{"id":130},"spelling-rules-for-ed","Spelling rules for -ed",[47,133,134],{},"The -ed ending has a few spelling adjustments worth learning:",[64,136,137,148],{},[67,138,139],{},[70,140,141,144,146],{},[73,142,143],{},"Rule",[73,145,78],{},[73,147,81],{},[83,149,150,161,172],{},[70,151,152,155,158],{},[88,153,154],{},"Verb ends in -e: add only -d",[88,156,157],{},"like",[88,159,160],{},"liked",[70,162,163,166,169],{},[88,164,165],{},"Consonant + y: change y to -ied",[88,167,168],{},"study",[88,170,171],{},"studied",[70,173,174,177,180],{},[88,175,176],{},"Short stressed vowel + single consonant: double the consonant",[88,178,179],{},"stop",[88,181,182],{},"stopped",[47,184,185,186,188,189,191,192,194,195,197,198,201,202,205],{},"A vowel + y does not change: ",[123,187,104],{}," becomes ",[123,190,107],{},", not \"plaied\". And the\ndoubling rule only applies after a short, stressed vowel, so ",[123,193,179],{}," becomes\n",[123,196,182],{}," but ",[123,199,200],{},"open"," stays ",[123,203,204],{},"opened"," (the stress is on the first syllable).",[128,207,209],{"id":208},"the-three-pronunciations-of-ed","The three pronunciations of -ed",[47,211,212],{},"The spelling is always -ed, but it is said in three different ways depending on\nthe sound before it:",[64,214,215,228],{},[67,216,217],{},[70,218,219,222,225],{},[73,220,221],{},"Sound",[73,223,224],{},"Ending",[73,226,227],{},"Examples",[83,229,230,243,256],{},[70,231,232,235,238],{},[88,233,234],{},"Voiceless sound (p, k, f, s, sh, ch)",[88,236,237],{},"\u002Ft\u002F",[88,239,240],{},[123,241,242],{},"stopped, worked, washed",[70,244,245,248,251],{},[88,246,247],{},"Voiced sound (b, g, v, l, n, vowels)",[88,249,250],{},"\u002Fd\u002F",[88,252,253],{},[123,254,255],{},"played, lived, opened",[70,257,258,261,264],{},[88,259,260],{},"A \u002Ft\u002F or \u002Fd\u002F sound",[88,262,263],{},"\u002Fid\u002F",[88,265,266],{},[123,267,268],{},"wanted, needed, decided",[47,270,271,272,275,276,278],{},"Only the third group adds an extra syllable. ",[123,273,274],{},"Wanted"," has two beats; ",[123,277,96],{},"\nhas one.",[51,280,282],{"id":281},"irregular-verbs","Irregular verbs",[47,284,285,286],{},"Many common verbs do not follow the -ed rule. You simply have to learn their\npast forms, but the comfort is that the form is still the same for every person:\n",[123,287,288],{},"I went, you went, he went, they went.",[64,290,291,299],{},[67,292,293],{},[70,294,295,297],{},[73,296,78],{},[73,298,81],{},[83,300,301,309,317,325,333,341,349,357,365,373,381,389],{},[70,302,303,306],{},[88,304,305],{},"go",[88,307,308],{},"went",[70,310,311,314],{},[88,312,313],{},"have",[88,315,316],{},"had",[70,318,319,322],{},[88,320,321],{},"do",[88,323,324],{},"did",[70,326,327,330],{},[88,328,329],{},"make",[88,331,332],{},"made",[70,334,335,338],{},[88,336,337],{},"say",[88,339,340],{},"said",[70,342,343,346],{},[88,344,345],{},"see",[88,347,348],{},"saw",[70,350,351,354],{},[88,352,353],{},"come",[88,355,356],{},"came",[70,358,359,362],{},[88,360,361],{},"get",[88,363,364],{},"got",[70,366,367,370],{},[88,368,369],{},"take",[88,371,372],{},"took",[70,374,375,378],{},[88,376,377],{},"know",[88,379,380],{},"knew",[70,382,383,386],{},[88,384,385],{},"think",[88,387,388],{},"thought",[70,390,391,394],{},[88,392,393],{},"give",[88,395,396],{},"gave",[47,398,399,400,188,402,404],{},"The most frequent verbs in English are usually irregular, so these are worth\nmemorising early. There is no shortcut: ",[123,401,305],{},[123,403,308],{},", not \"goed\".",[51,406,408],{"id":407},"was-and-were-the-past-of-be","Was and were: the past of \"be\"",[47,410,411,412,415],{},"The verb ",[123,413,414],{},"be"," is the one exception that does change by person. It has two past\nforms:",[64,417,418,427],{},[67,419,420],{},[70,421,422,424],{},[73,423,75],{},[73,425,426],{},"Past of be",[83,428,429,437],{},[70,430,431,434],{},[88,432,433],{},"I \u002F he \u002F she \u002F it",[88,435,436],{},"was",[70,438,439,442],{},[88,440,441],{},"you \u002F we \u002F they",[88,443,444],{},"were",[47,446,447,450,451,454,455,458,459,462,463,465,466,468],{},[123,448,449],{},"I was at home. They were late. She was a teacher."," The negatives are ",[123,452,453],{},"wasn't","\nand ",[123,456,457],{},"weren't",", and questions invert the verb: ",[123,460,461],{},"Was he there? Were you tired?","\nNote that ",[123,464,414],{}," does not use ",[123,467,324],{},"; it makes its own questions and negatives.",[51,470,472],{"id":471},"questions-and-negatives-the-auxiliary-did","Questions and negatives: the auxiliary \"did\"",[47,474,475,476,478,479,481,482,484],{},"For every verb except ",[123,477,414],{},", you form questions and negatives with the auxiliary\n",[59,480,324],{}," (the past of ",[123,483,321],{},"). This is the part learners most often get wrong.",[47,486,487,488,490,491,494,495,497],{},"The key rule: once you use ",[123,489,324],{},", the main verb returns to its ",[59,492,493],{},"base form",". The\npast tense is already carried by ",[123,496,324],{},", so the main verb does not need it too.",[499,500,501,511],"ul",{},[502,503,504,507,508],"li",{},[59,505,506],{},"Question:"," ",[123,509,510],{},"Did you go? Did she finish? Did they know?",[502,512,513,507,516],{},[59,514,515],{},"Negative:",[123,517,518],{},"I didn't go. He didn't finish. We didn't know.",[47,520,521,522,525],{},"So it is ",[123,523,524],{},"Did you go?"," and never \"Did you went?\". The form \"did + past verb\" puts\nthe past in two places at once, which English does not allow.",[64,527,528,543],{},[67,529,530],{},[70,531,532,534,537,540],{},[73,533],{},[73,535,536],{},"Statement",[73,538,539],{},"Question",[73,541,542],{},"Negative",[83,544,545,565],{},[70,546,547,550,555,560],{},[88,548,549],{},"Regular",[88,551,552],{},[123,553,554],{},"She worked.",[88,556,557],{},[123,558,559],{},"Did she work?",[88,561,562],{},[123,563,564],{},"She didn't work.",[70,566,567,570,575,580],{},[88,568,569],{},"Irregular",[88,571,572],{},[123,573,574],{},"They went.",[88,576,577],{},[123,578,579],{},"Did they go?",[88,581,582],{},[123,583,584],{},"They didn't go.",[51,586,588],{"id":587},"when-to-use-the-past-simple","When to use the past simple",[47,590,591],{},"The past simple has three main jobs.",[128,593,595],{"id":594},"_1-a-finished-action-at-a-finished-time","1. A finished action at a finished time",[47,597,598],{},"The action is over, and you know (or could say) when it happened.",[499,600,601,606],{},[502,602,603],{},[123,604,605],{},"I bought a car last month.",[502,607,608],{},[123,609,610],{},"She left at six o'clock.",[128,612,614],{"id":613},"_2-a-sequence-of-past-events","2. A sequence of past events",[47,616,617],{},"When you tell a story, the past simple lists the events in order.",[499,619,620,625],{},[502,621,622],{},[123,623,624],{},"He woke up, made coffee and read the news.",[502,626,627],{},[123,628,629],{},"We arrived, checked in and went straight to bed.",[128,631,633],{"id":632},"_3-past-habits-and-states","3. Past habits and states",[47,635,636],{},"Things that were true or repeated over a past period.",[499,638,639,644],{},[502,640,641],{},[123,642,643],{},"I played the violin as a child.",[502,645,646],{},[123,647,648],{},"They lived in Spain for years.",[51,650,652],{"id":651},"time-expressions-that-signal-the-past-simple","Time expressions that signal the past simple",[47,654,655],{},"Certain words point to a finished past time and almost always take the past\nsimple:",[499,657,658,668,676,684,692],{},[502,659,660,663,664,667],{},[123,661,662],{},"yesterday"," (",[123,665,666],{},"I saw him yesterday.",")",[502,669,670,663,673,667],{},[123,671,672],{},"last week \u002F last year",[123,674,675],{},"We met last week.",[502,677,678,663,681,667],{},[123,679,680],{},"in 2010",[123,682,683],{},"She graduated in 2010.",[502,685,686,663,689,667],{},[123,687,688],{},"two days ago",[123,690,691],{},"He called two days ago.",[502,693,694,697,698,667],{},[123,695,696],{},"ago"," in general (",[123,699,700],{},"They moved here ten years ago.",[47,702,703],{},"If a sentence pins the action to a specific finished time like these, the past\nsimple is the natural choice.",[51,705,707],{"id":706},"past-simple-vs-present-perfect","Past simple vs present perfect",[47,709,710],{},"This is the distinction that causes the most trouble. The short version: the past\nsimple needs a finished time, while the present perfect is for unfinished or\nunstated time that connects to now.",[499,712,713,719],{},[502,714,715,718],{},[123,716,717],{},"I saw that film yesterday."," (Finished time, so past simple.)",[502,720,721,724],{},[123,722,723],{},"I have seen that film."," (No time stated, just the experience.)",[47,726,727,728,731,732,735,736,741],{},"The test: if you say exactly when something happened, use the past simple. ",[123,729,730],{},"I\nhave seen him yesterday"," is wrong; it must be ",[123,733,734],{},"I saw him yesterday",". For the full\npicture, see the ",[737,738,740],"a",{"href":739},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpresent-perfect","present perfect",".",[51,743,745],{"id":744},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[47,747,748],{},"Ranked by how often they actually appear:",[750,751,752,767,779,792],"ol",{},[502,753,754,507,757,760,761,763,764],{},[59,755,756],{},"Double past after \"did\".",[123,758,759],{},"Did you went? She didn't came."," Wrong. Once you\nuse ",[123,762,324],{},", the main verb is in the base form: ",[123,765,766],{},"Did you go? She didn't come.",[502,768,769,507,772,775,776],{},[59,770,771],{},"Treating irregular verbs as regular.",[123,773,774],{},"He goed, they buyed, I thinked.","\nThese verbs are irregular: ",[123,777,778],{},"went, bought, thought.",[502,780,781,507,784,787,788,791],{},[59,782,783],{},"Using the past simple where the present perfect is needed.",[123,785,786],{},"I lived here\nfor ten years"," (and still do) should be ",[123,789,790],{},"I have lived here for ten years",". If\nthe situation continues to now, use the present perfect.",[502,793,794,507,797,800,801,804,805,800,808,741],{},[59,795,796],{},"Confusing was and were.",[123,798,799],{},"We was late"," should be ",[123,802,803],{},"We were late","; ",[123,806,807],{},"they was\nhere",[123,809,810],{},"they were here",[51,812,814],{"id":813},"practice","Practice",[47,816,817],{},"Put the verb in the past simple. Answers are below.",[750,819,820,828,836,842,848],{},[502,821,822,823,827],{},"We ",[824,825,826],"code",{},"___"," (go) to the beach yesterday.",[502,829,830,832,833,835],{},[824,831,826],{}," you ",[824,834,826],{}," (finish) the report last night?",[502,837,838,839,841],{},"She ",[824,840,826],{}," (study) French at university.",[502,843,844,845,847],{},"They ",[824,846,826],{}," (not be) at home when I called.",[502,849,850,851,853,854,856],{},"He ",[824,852,826],{}," (stop) the car and ",[824,855,826],{}," (get) out.",[47,858,859,862],{},[59,860,861],{},"Answers:"," 1. went 2. Did ... finish (base form after \"did\") 3. studied\n(consonant + y becomes -ied) 4. were not \u002F weren't 5. stopped (doubled\nconsonant), got",{"title":864,"searchDepth":865,"depth":865,"links":866},"",2,[867,872,873,874,875,880,881,882,883],{"id":53,"depth":865,"text":54,"children":868},[869,871],{"id":130,"depth":870,"text":131},3,{"id":208,"depth":870,"text":209},{"id":281,"depth":865,"text":282},{"id":407,"depth":865,"text":408},{"id":471,"depth":865,"text":472},{"id":587,"depth":865,"text":588,"children":876},[877,878,879],{"id":594,"depth":870,"text":595},{"id":613,"depth":870,"text":614},{"id":632,"depth":870,"text":633},{"id":651,"depth":865,"text":652},{"id":706,"depth":865,"text":707},{"id":744,"depth":865,"text":745},{"id":813,"depth":865,"text":814},"A2","How to form and use the past simple in English. The -ed rule and its spellings, irregular verbs, was\u002Fwere, and using did for questions and negatives.","md",[888,891,894,897],{"q":889,"a":890},"What is the past simple tense?","The past simple (also called the simple past) describes a finished action at a finished time. Regular verbs add -ed (worked, played) and irregular verbs change their form (go becomes went, have becomes had). The same form is used for every person: I went, she went, they went.",{"q":892,"a":893},"Why do we say did you go and not did you went?","Once you use the auxiliary did, the time information sits in did, so the main verb goes back to its base form. It is did you go, not did you went, and I didn't go, not I didn't went. Putting the past on both did and the verb is a double past, which is wrong.",{"q":895,"a":896},"When do I use was and were?","Was and were are the past simple of the verb be. Use was with I, he, she and it (I was tired, she was late) and were with you, we and they (you were right, they were here). The negatives are wasn't and weren't.",{"q":898,"a":899},"What is the difference between the past simple and the present perfect?","Use the past simple for a finished action at a stated past time (I saw her yesterday). Use the present perfect when the time is unfinished or unstated and the action connects to now (I have seen her). If you say exactly when it happened, you need the past simple.","english",{},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpast-simple",{"title":41,"description":885},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpast-simple","b1GpZMVUeCFpZTLLaLI7sQcKCvC8lMTBtRt7rE7o0bQ"]