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fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":47,"title":48,"author":49,"body":50,"cefrLevel":942,"date":49,"description":943,"exercises":944,"extension":1007,"faqs":1008,"gcseTier":49,"intro":49,"language":1021,"lastUpdated":49,"meta":1022,"navigation":1023,"path":1024,"seo":1025,"stem":1026,"verbSlugs":49,"__hash__":1027},"pages\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fword-formation-suffixes.md","Word formation in English: how suffixes build word families and give away the part of speech",null,{"type":51,"value":52,"toc":930},"minimark",[53,74,81,86,93,174,177,181,184,191,247,253,299,305,351,371,375,409,443,471,475,502,552,555,592,644,648,655,700,707,711,714,726,740,754,758,761,871,875,878,912,918],[54,55,56,57,61,62,65,66,69,70,73],"p",{},"By this point in the course you know a couple of thousand English words. Here\nis the good news: you know far more than that, because English builds words in\nfamilies. Learn ",[58,59,60],"em",{},"hope"," and you have already half-learned ",[58,63,64],{},"hopeful",", ",[58,67,68],{},"hopeless","\nand ",[58,71,72],{},"hopefully",". The machinery that builds the family is the suffix - a short\nending that changes what job the word does without changing what it is about.",[54,75,76,77,80],{},"Suffixes pay you twice. Once when you speak, because one learned root gives you\na noun, an adjective and an adverb for the price of one. And once when you\nread, because the suffix tells you a word's part of speech even when you have\nnever seen the word before. You do not need to know what ",[58,78,79],{},"steadiness"," means to\nknow it is a noun, and knowing it is a noun is most of the battle.",[82,83,85],"h2",{"id":84},"one-root-one-family","One root, one family",[54,87,88,89,92],{},"Take ",[58,90,91],{},"care"," and watch it change jobs:",[94,95,96,112],"table",{},[97,98,99],"thead",{},[100,101,102,106,109],"tr",{},[103,104,105],"th",{},"Word",[103,107,108],{},"Job",[103,110,111],{},"Example",[113,114,115,130,145,159],"tbody",{},[100,116,117,122,125],{},[118,119,120],"td",{},[58,121,91],{},[118,123,124],{},"noun\u002Fverb",[118,126,127],{},[58,128,129],{},"She takes care of the garden.",[100,131,132,137,140],{},[118,133,134],{},[58,135,136],{},"careful",[118,138,139],{},"adjective",[118,141,142],{},[58,143,144],{},"Be careful with that glass.",[100,146,147,152,154],{},[118,148,149],{},[58,150,151],{},"careless",[118,153,139],{},[118,155,156],{},[58,157,158],{},"A careless mistake.",[100,160,161,166,169],{},[118,162,163],{},[58,164,165],{},"carefully",[118,167,168],{},"adverb",[118,170,171],{},[58,172,173],{},"He carried the box carefully.",[54,175,176],{},"Same idea, four words. The root carries the meaning; the suffix carries the\ngrammar. Every section below is one branch of this system.",[82,178,180],{"id":179},"the-noun-suffixes-ness-ment-tion","The noun suffixes: -ness, -ment, -tion",[54,182,183],{},"These three endings build nouns, and between them they cover an enormous share\nof the abstract nouns you will meet.",[54,185,186,190],{},[187,188,189],"strong",{},"-ness attaches to adjectives."," The noun means the quality of being that\nadjective:",[192,193,194,208,219,230],"ul",{},[195,196,197,200,201,204,205],"li",{},[58,198,199],{},"dark"," - ",[58,202,203],{},"darkness",": ",[58,206,207],{},"He could not see anything in the darkness.",[195,209,210,200,213,204,216],{},[58,211,212],{},"kind",[58,214,215],{},"kindness",[58,217,218],{},"Thank you for your kindness.",[195,220,221,200,224,204,227],{},[58,222,223],{},"ill",[58,225,226],{},"illness",[58,228,229],{},"She is away with an illness.",[195,231,232,200,235,238,239,242,243,246],{},[58,233,234],{},"happy",[58,236,237],{},"happiness"," (note the spelling: ",[58,240,241],{},"y"," becomes ",[58,244,245],{},"i",")",[54,248,249,252],{},[187,250,251],{},"-ment attaches to verbs."," The noun means the act or result of the verb:",[192,254,255,266,277,288],{},[195,256,257,200,260,204,263],{},[58,258,259],{},"move",[58,261,262],{},"movement",[58,264,265],{},"She noticed a movement behind the door.",[195,267,268,200,271,204,274],{},[58,269,270],{},"agree",[58,272,273],{},"agreement",[58,275,276],{},"The two sides reached an agreement.",[195,278,279,200,282,204,285],{},[58,280,281],{},"pay",[58,283,284],{},"payment",[58,286,287],{},"You can make the payment by card.",[195,289,290,200,293,204,296],{},[58,291,292],{},"arrange",[58,294,295],{},"arrangement",[58,297,298],{},"We have an arrangement with the hotel.",[54,300,301,304],{},[187,302,303],{},"-tion (and its sister -sion) also attaches to verbs",", and it is the most\ncommon noun ending in the language:",[192,306,307,318,329,340],{},[195,308,309,200,312,204,315],{},[58,310,311],{},"invite",[58,313,314],{},"invitation",[58,316,317],{},"Did you get an invitation?",[195,319,320,200,323,204,326],{},[58,321,322],{},"inform",[58,324,325],{},"information",[58,327,328],{},"We need more information.",[195,330,331,200,334,204,337],{},[58,332,333],{},"decide",[58,335,336],{},"decision",[58,338,339],{},"It was a hard decision.",[195,341,342,200,345,204,348],{},[58,343,344],{},"react",[58,346,347],{},"reaction",[58,349,350],{},"His reaction surprised everyone.",[54,352,353,354,357,358,361,362,364,365,367,368,370],{},"Which verb takes ",[58,355,356],{},"-ment"," and which takes ",[58,359,360],{},"-tion","? There is no rule worth\nlearning. Nobody works out ",[58,363,284],{}," from first principles; you meet it, you\nkeep it. What matters is the direction you read it in: see ",[58,366,356],{}," or ",[58,369,360],{},"\non the end of anything and you are looking at a noun.",[82,372,374],{"id":373},"the-adjective-suffixes-ful-less-able","The adjective suffixes: -ful, -less, -able",[54,376,377,380,381,384,385,388,389,392,393,396,397,400,401,404,405,408],{},[187,378,379],{},"-ful means full of."," ",[58,382,383],{},"Hopeful"," is full of hope, ",[58,386,387],{},"useful"," is full of use,\n",[58,390,391],{},"painful"," is full of pain. One warning that catches even strong learners: the\nsuffix is spelled with ",[187,394,395],{},"one l",". ",[58,398,399],{},"Careful",", not ",[58,402,403],{},"carefull",". The word ",[58,406,407],{},"full","\nkeeps both, the suffix keeps one.",[54,410,411,414,415,204,418,65,420,423,424,65,426,429,430,432,433,436,437,439,440,442],{},[187,412,413],{},"-less means without."," It is the mirror of ",[58,416,417],{},"-ful",[58,419,68],{},[58,421,422],{},"useless",",\n",[58,425,151],{},[58,427,428],{},"homeless",". The pair does not always exist on both sides - English\nhas ",[58,431,428],{}," but not ",[58,434,435],{},"homeful"," - but when both exist they are exact\nopposites: a ",[58,438,136],{}," driver and a ",[58,441,151],{}," one.",[54,444,445,380,448,451,452,455,456,459,460,69,463,466,467,470],{},[187,446,447],{},"-able means it can be done.",[58,449,450],{},"Washable"," can be washed, ",[58,453,454],{},"readable"," can be\nread, ",[58,457,458],{},"acceptable"," can be accepted. This is the suffix behind ",[58,461,462],{},"comfortable",[58,464,465],{},"available",", and it is still alive: English speakers invent ",[58,468,469],{},"-able"," words\nfreely, and everyone understands them, because the suffix does the work.",[82,472,474],{"id":473},"the-adverb-suffix-ly","The adverb suffix: -ly",[54,476,477,478,481,482,200,485,65,488,491,492,65,495,200,498,501],{},"Add ",[58,479,480],{},"-ly"," to an adjective and you get the adverb: ",[58,483,484],{},"quick",[58,486,487],{},"quickly",[58,489,490],{},"slow"," -\n",[58,493,494],{},"slowly",[58,496,497],{},"quiet",[58,499,500],{},"quietly",". Three spelling notes:",[192,503,504,521,537],{},[195,505,506,242,508,204,510,200,512,65,515,200,518],{},[58,507,241],{},[58,509,245],{},[58,511,234],{},[58,513,514],{},"happily",[58,516,517],{},"easy",[58,519,520],{},"easily",[195,522,523,524,527,528,204,531,200,534],{},"adjectives ending in ",[58,525,526],{},"-le"," drop the ",[58,529,530],{},"e",[58,532,533],{},"simple",[58,535,536],{},"simply",[195,538,523,539,542,543,204,546,200,549],{},[58,540,541],{},"-ic"," take ",[58,544,545],{},"-ally",[58,547,548],{},"basic",[58,550,551],{},"basically",[54,553,554],{},"Two traps live here, and both are worth knowing at this level.",[54,556,557,380,560,65,563,65,566,569,570,573,574,576,577,65,580,583,584,587,588,591],{},[187,558,559],{},"Trap one: some -ly words are adjectives.",[58,561,562],{},"Friendly",[58,564,565],{},"lovely",[58,567,568],{},"lonely"," and\n",[58,571,572],{},"silly"," all end in ",[58,575,480],{}," and none of them is an adverb: ",[58,578,579],{},"a friendly dog",[58,581,582],{},"a\nlovely morning",". You cannot say ",[58,585,586],{},"she smiled friendly","; English speakers say\n",[58,589,590],{},"she gave me a friendly smile"," instead.",[54,593,594,380,597,65,600,65,603,606,607,610,611,65,614,65,617,620,621,623,624,627,628,631,632,635,636,639,640,643],{},[187,595,596],{},"Trap two: some adverbs refuse -ly.",[58,598,599],{},"Fast",[58,601,602],{},"hard",[58,604,605],{},"late"," and ",[58,608,609],{},"well"," do the\nadverb job with no suffix: ",[58,612,613],{},"he drives fast",[58,615,616],{},"she works hard",[58,618,619],{},"he arrived\nlate",". And the ",[58,622,480],{}," forms that look related have wandered off to other\nmeanings: ",[58,625,626],{},"hardly"," means almost not (",[58,629,630],{},"he hardly works"," - he does very little),\nand ",[58,633,634],{},"lately"," means recently (",[58,637,638],{},"have you seen her lately?","). ",[58,641,642],{},"He works hardly"," is\nnot English.",[82,645,647],{"id":646},"the-verb-suffix-en","The verb suffix: -en",[54,649,650,651,654],{},"The smallest family, but a neat one. Add ",[58,652,653],{},"-en"," to a short adjective and you get\na verb meaning make or become more of it:",[192,656,657,667,678,689],{},[195,658,659,200,661,204,664],{},[58,660,199],{},[58,662,663],{},"darken",[58,665,666],{},"The sky darkened before the storm.",[195,668,669,200,672,204,675],{},[58,670,671],{},"short",[58,673,674],{},"shorten",[58,676,677],{},"They want to shorten the meeting.",[195,679,680,200,683,204,686],{},[58,681,682],{},"wide",[58,684,685],{},"widen",[58,687,688],{},"They are widening the road.",[195,690,691,200,694,204,697],{},[58,692,693],{},"soft",[58,695,696],{},"soften",[58,698,699],{},"Her voice softened.",[54,701,702,703,706],{},"It only works with a limited set of adjectives, most of them one syllable. Do\nnot build new ones - ",[58,704,705],{},"greenen"," is not a word - but recognise the pattern when\nyou meet it.",[82,708,710],{"id":709},"spot-the-suffix-know-the-job","Spot the suffix, know the job",[54,712,713],{},"Here is the reading strategy this whole page has been building towards. Take a\nsentence with a word you do not know:",[715,716,717],"blockquote",{},[54,718,719],{},[58,720,721,722,725],{},"The ",[187,723,724],{},"brightness"," of the light surprised her.",[54,727,728,729,731,732,735,736,739],{},"You may never have met ",[58,730,724],{},", but the ",[58,733,734],{},"-ness"," ending tells you it is a\nnoun, and the root ",[58,737,738],{},"bright"," tells you roughly what it is about. Suffix plus\nroot plus position in the sentence, and the word has nowhere to hide. This is\nwhat fluent readers are actually doing when they seem to know every word: they\nare not remembering, they are decoding.",[54,741,742,743,400,746,749,750,753],{},"Turn the strategy around when you write. If the sentence needs a noun, do not\nreach for the adjective and hope: ",[58,744,745],{},"the movement of the crowd",[58,747,748],{},"the move\nof the crowd","... and definitely not ",[58,751,752],{},"the moveness",".",[82,755,757],{"id":756},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[54,759,760],{},"Ranked by how often learners actually make them.",[762,763,764,787,800,819,834,853],"ol",{},[195,765,766,380,769,772,773,776,777,65,780,367,783,786],{},[187,767,768],{},"Adjective where the noun belongs.",[58,770,771],{},"Thank you for your kind"," should be\n",[58,774,775],{},"thank you for your kindness",". After ",[58,778,779],{},"your",[58,781,782],{},"the",[58,784,785],{},"a",", English wants\nthe noun form.",[195,788,789,380,792,795,796,799],{},[187,790,791],{},"Adjective doing an adverb's job.",[58,793,794],{},"She sings beautiful"," should be ",[58,797,798],{},"she\nsings beautifully",". If it describes the verb, it needs the adverb.",[195,801,802,380,805,606,808,811,812,204,815,65,817,753],{},[187,803,804],{},"Double l on -ful.",[58,806,807],{},"Carefull",[58,809,810],{},"usefull"," are misspellings. The suffix\nhas one ",[58,813,814],{},"l",[58,816,136],{},[58,818,387],{},[195,820,821,380,824,826,827,396,830,833],{},[187,822,823],{},"Hardly as the adverb of hard.",[58,825,642],{}," means almost the\nopposite of ",[58,828,829],{},"he works hard",[58,831,832],{},"Hardly"," means almost not, and the mistake\nreverses your meaning entirely.",[195,835,836,380,839,842,843,846,847,842,849,852],{},[187,837,838],{},"Inventing the wrong noun.",[58,840,841],{},"Agreement"," exists but ",[58,844,845],{},"agreeness"," does not;\n",[58,848,203],{},[58,850,851],{},"darkment"," does not. When in doubt, check - the\nsuffix system is regular to read but irregular to build.",[195,854,855,380,858,795,861,864,865,867,868,753],{},[187,856,857],{},"Treating friendly as an adverb.",[58,859,860],{},"He spoke to me friendly",[58,862,863],{},"he\nspoke to me in a friendly way",". Adjective in ",[58,866,480],{},", so English routes\naround it with ",[58,869,870],{},"in a ... way",[82,872,874],{"id":873},"practice","Practice",[54,876,877],{},"Complete each sentence with the right form of the word in brackets. Answers\nare below.",[762,879,880,888,894,900,906],{},[195,881,882,883,887],{},"There was a strange ",[884,885,886],"code",{},"___"," in the box. (move)",[195,889,890,891,893],{},"The instructions were completely ",[884,892,886],{},". (use + without)",[195,895,896,897,899],{},"She answered all the questions ",[884,898,886],{},". (easy)",[195,901,902,903,905],{},"The days ",[884,904,886],{}," in the winter. (short)",[195,907,908,909,911],{},"His ",[884,910,886],{}," made the whole team feel welcome. (kind)",[54,913,914,917],{},[187,915,916],{},"Answers:"," 1. movement 2. useless 3. easily 4. shorten 5. kindness",[54,919,920,921,925,926,753],{},"Suffixes are one half of English word-building; the other half is knowing\nwhich form a verb takes after another verb, which is the territory of\n",[785,922,924],{"href":923},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fgerund-and-infinitive","gerund and infinitive",". And the\nadjective-or-adverb question comes back with real money on the table in\n",[785,927,929],{"href":928},"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcomparatives-and-superlatives","comparatives and superlatives",{"title":931,"searchDepth":932,"depth":932,"links":933},"",2,[934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941],{"id":84,"depth":932,"text":85},{"id":179,"depth":932,"text":180},{"id":373,"depth":932,"text":374},{"id":473,"depth":932,"text":474},{"id":646,"depth":932,"text":647},{"id":709,"depth":932,"text":710},{"id":756,"depth":932,"text":757},{"id":873,"depth":932,"text":874},"B1-B2","How English suffixes work: -ness, -ment and -tion make nouns, -ful, -less and -able make adjectives, -ly makes adverbs and -en makes verbs. Spot the suffix and you know the job the word does in the sentence.",[945,966,986],{"type":946,"instructions":947,"options":948,"items":949},"which-one","Choose the word that completes each sentence.",[203,284,314,136,428,462,494,685],[950,952,954,956,958,960,962,964],{"prompt":951,"answer":203},"He could not see anything in the ___.",{"prompt":953,"answer":284},"You can make the ___ by card.",{"prompt":955,"answer":314},"Did you get an ___ to the party?",{"prompt":957,"answer":136},"Be ___ with that glass.",{"prompt":959,"answer":428},"The charity helps ___ people find somewhere to live.",{"prompt":961,"answer":462},"This chair is old but very ___.",{"prompt":963,"answer":494},"He opened the door ___.",{"prompt":965,"answer":685},"They want to ___ the road.",{"type":967,"instructions":968,"items":969},"fill-blank","Build the new word from the word given.",[970,972,974,976,978,980,982,984],{"prompt":971,"answer":226},"Make a noun from ill: ___",{"prompt":973,"answer":273},"Make a noun from agree: ___",{"prompt":975,"answer":314},"Make a noun from invite: ___",{"prompt":977,"answer":387},"Make an adjective from use that means full of use: ___",{"prompt":979,"answer":68},"Make an adjective from hope that means without hope: ___",{"prompt":981,"answer":458},"Make an adjective from accept: ___",{"prompt":983,"answer":514},"Make an adverb from happy: ___",{"prompt":985,"answer":674},"Make a verb from short: ___",{"type":987,"instructions":988,"pairs":989},"match","Match each suffix to the job it does.",[990,992,994,996,998,1001,1003,1005],{"left":734,"right":991},"noun from an adjective (kindness)",{"left":356,"right":993},"noun from a verb (movement)",{"left":360,"right":995},"noun from a verb (invitation)",{"left":417,"right":997},"adjective meaning full of (hopeful)",{"left":999,"right":1000},"-less","adjective meaning without (hopeless)",{"left":469,"right":1002},"adjective meaning it can be done (washable)",{"left":480,"right":1004},"adverb from an adjective (quickly)",{"left":653,"right":1006},"verb from an adjective (darken)","md",[1009,1012,1015,1018],{"q":1010,"a":1011},"What is a suffix in English?","A suffix is an ending added to a word that changes its job in the sentence. Add -ness to the adjective kind and you get the noun kindness. Add -ly and you get the adverb kindly. The core meaning stays the same; only the grammar changes. English builds whole word families this way: one root, four or five words.",{"q":1013,"a":1014},"How do I know if an English word is a noun, an adjective or an adverb?","Look at the ending. Words ending in -ness, -ment or -tion are almost always nouns: darkness, movement, information. Words ending in -ful, -less or -able are almost always adjectives: hopeful, useless, comfortable. Words ending in -ly are usually adverbs: quickly, slowly. The suffix tells you the job even when you have never met the word before, which is exactly why suffixes are worth learning.",{"q":1016,"a":1017},"What is the difference between -ness, -ment and -tion?","All three make nouns, but from different roots. -ness attaches to adjectives: dark becomes darkness, ill becomes illness. -ment and -tion attach to verbs: move becomes movement, agree becomes agreement, decide becomes decision, invite becomes invitation. There is no rule that tells you which verb takes which ending; you learn payment and information as words, not as formulas. The useful part is reading them, not building them.",{"q":1019,"a":1020},"Do all English adverbs end in -ly?","No, and not everything ending in -ly is an adverb. Fast, hard, well and late are adverbs with no -ly at all: he drives fast, she works hard. Meanwhile friendly, lovely, lonely and silly end in -ly but are adjectives: a friendly dog. And hardly is not the adverb of hard; it means almost not. He hardly works means he does very little work.","english",{},true,"\u002Fenglish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fword-formation-suffixes",{"title":48,"description":943},"english\u002Fgrammar\u002Fword-formation-suffixes","TW5i5Qcej-ISVwRrDjgu_4q7IoyVihxjz6aNBzIAYPk",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1029},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1031},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]