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glance",[45,46,47,66],"table",{},[48,49,50],"thead",{},[51,52,53,57,60,63],"tr",{},[54,55,56],"th",{},"Type",[54,58,59],{},"Masculine sg",[54,61,62],{},"Feminine sg",[54,64,65],{},"Plural",[67,68,69,84,98],"tbody",{},[51,70,71,75,78,81],{},[72,73,74],"td",{},"Definite",[72,76,77],{},"le (l' + vowel)",[72,79,80],{},"la (l' + vowel)",[72,82,83],{},"les",[51,85,86,89,92,95],{},[72,87,88],{},"Indefinite",[72,90,91],{},"un",[72,93,94],{},"une",[72,96,97],{},"des",[51,99,100,103,106,109],{},[72,101,102],{},"Partitive",[72,104,105],{},"du (de l' vowel)",[72,107,108],{},"de la (de l' vw)",[72,110,97],{},[112,113,114],"p",{},"Each row answers a different question:",[116,117,118,125,130],"ul",{},[119,120,121,124],"li",{},[122,123,74],"strong",{},": \"the X\" (the speaker thinks you know which one)",[119,126,127,129],{},[122,128,88],{},": \"a \u002F an X\" (any one of the class)",[119,131,132,134],{},[122,133,102],{},": \"some X\" (an unspecified amount of an uncountable thing)",[40,136,138],{"id":137},"the-definite-article-le-la-les","The definite article: le, la, les",[112,140,141],{},"Use when the noun is specific or general-class.",[116,143,144,150,156],{},[119,145,146,149],{},[122,147,148],{},"le livre"," = the book",[119,151,152,155],{},[122,153,154],{},"la table"," = the table",[119,157,158,161],{},[122,159,160],{},"les enfants"," = the children",[112,163,164,165,167],{},"The plural ",[122,166,83],{}," is the same for both genders.",[40,169,171],{"id":170},"the-indefinite-article-un-une-des","The indefinite article: un, une, des",[112,173,174],{},"Use when the noun is one (or some) of a class, unspecified.",[116,176,177,183,189],{},[119,178,179,182],{},[122,180,181],{},"un livre"," = a book",[119,184,185,188],{},[122,186,187],{},"une table"," = a table",[119,190,191,194],{},[122,192,193],{},"des livres"," = some books \u002F books (English often drops \"some\" in the plural; French keeps des)",[112,196,197,198,167],{},"The plural form ",[122,199,97],{},[40,201,203],{"id":202},"the-partitive-article-du-de-la-des","The partitive article: du, de la, des",[112,205,206],{},"This is the one English speakers consistently miss. The partitive marks an unspecified amount of something uncountable (food, drink, abstract qualities). English usually drops \"some\" or \"any\" in the equivalent sentence; French does not.",[116,208,209,215,221,227,233],{},[119,210,211,214],{},[122,212,213],{},"du pain"," = (some) bread",[119,216,217,220],{},[122,218,219],{},"du vin"," = (some) wine",[119,222,223,226],{},[122,224,225],{},"de la viande"," = (some) meat",[119,228,229,232],{},[122,230,231],{},"de la patience"," = (some) patience",[119,234,235,238],{},[122,236,237],{},"des frites"," = (some) chips (technically the plural of \"de la \u002F du\", interchangeable with indefinite des in most contexts)",[112,240,241],{},"Compare:",[116,243,244,247,250],{},[119,245,246],{},"\"Je mange du pain\" = I eat \u002F I am eating (some) bread. NEVER \"Je mange pain\". The partitive is mandatory.",[119,248,249],{},"\"Je mange le pain\" = I eat THE bread (a specific loaf, e.g. the one on the table).",[119,251,252],{},"\"Je mange un pain\" = I eat A (whole) loaf of bread (one specific unit).",[40,254,256],{"id":255},"elision-le-and-la-become-l-before-a-vowel-sound","Elision: le and la become l' before a vowel sound",[112,258,259],{},"When the next word starts with a vowel or a silent h, le \u002F la \u002F de la become l' \u002F de l':",[116,261,262,265],{},[119,263,264],{},"l'eau (the water), l'homme (the man), l'arbre (the tree)",[119,266,267],{},"de l'eau (some water), de l'huile (some oil)",[112,269,270],{},"This elision is non-optional. \"Le eau\" is wrong every time. It happens automatically with the definite article and the partitive; with the indefinite (un, une), elision does NOT happen because un and une are themselves the articles - they don't get shortened.",[40,272,274],{"id":273},"the-negation-rule-every-article-becomes-de","The negation rule: every article becomes 'de'",[112,276,277,278,281,282,285],{},"When you negate a verb that takes a direct object, the article (definite excluded) becomes plain ",[122,279,280],{},"de"," (or ",[122,283,284],{},"d'"," before a vowel). This catches everyone.",[116,287,288,294,300],{},[119,289,290,291,293],{},"Affirmative: \"J'ai un chien\" (I have a dog) -> Negative: \"Je n'ai pas ",[122,292,280],{}," chien\"",[119,295,296,297,299],{},"Affirmative: \"Je mange du pain\" (I eat bread) -> Negative: \"Je ne mange pas ",[122,298,280],{}," pain\"",[119,301,302],{},"Affirmative: \"Il a des amis\" (He has friends) -> Negative: \"Il n'a pas **d'**amis\"",[112,304,305],{},"The definite article (le, la, les) doesn't change in negation:",[116,307,308],{},[119,309,310],{},"\"Je vois le chien\" -> \"Je ne vois pas le chien\" (the article stays because it points to a specific dog)",[40,312,314],{"id":313},"contractions-au-and-du-with-prepositions","Contractions: au and du with prepositions",[112,316,317,318,321,322,324,325,328],{},"When the preposition ",[122,319,320],{},"a"," (to \u002F at) or ",[122,323,280],{}," (of \u002F from) meets the masculine singular definite article ",[122,326,327],{},"le",", they contract:",[116,330,331,338,345,352],{},[119,332,333,334,337],{},"a + le = ",[122,335,336],{},"au"," (au cinema = to the cinema)",[119,339,340,341,344],{},"a + les = ",[122,342,343],{},"aux"," (aux enfants = to the children)",[119,346,347,348,351],{},"de + le = ",[122,349,350],{},"du"," (la maison du voisin = the neighbour's house)",[119,353,354,355,357],{},"de + les = ",[122,356,97],{}," (les chambres des enfants = the children's rooms)",[112,359,360,361,363],{},"Note: this ",[122,362,350],{}," is preposition + article, the same form as the partitive but a different function. Context disambiguates.",[112,365,366,367,369,370,372,373,376,377,380],{},"These contractions are mandatory and they only apply to ",[122,368,327],{}," and ",[122,371,83],{},", never to ",[122,374,375],{},"la"," or ",[122,378,379],{},"l'",": \"Je vais a la plage\" (no contraction).",[40,382,384],{"id":383},"when-french-uses-an-article-and-english-doesnt","When French uses an article and English doesn't",[112,386,387],{},"French is more article-heavy than English. The big patterns to keep articles in:",[389,390,391,397,403,409,415,421],"ol",{},[119,392,393,396],{},[122,394,395],{},"General statements about a class",": \"J'aime les chiens\" = \"I like dogs\". When you mean dogs in general, French keeps les.",[119,398,399,402],{},[122,400,401],{},"Abstract nouns",": \"La patience est une vertu\" = \"Patience is a virtue\".",[119,404,405,408],{},[122,406,407],{},"Days of the week (recurring)",": \"Le lundi je fais du sport\" = \"On Mondays I do sport\". (Single days drop it: \"Lundi je pars\" = \"On Monday I'm leaving\".)",[119,410,411,414],{},[122,412,413],{},"Languages",": \"J'aime le francais\" = \"I like French\".",[119,416,417,420],{},[122,418,419],{},"Body parts (sometimes with possessive replaced)",": \"J'ai mal a la tete\" = \"I have a headache\" (literally \"I have pain at the head\").",[119,422,423,426],{},[122,424,425],{},"Countries",": \"la France\", \"le Japon\", \"les Etats-Unis\". \"Je visite la France\" = \"I'm visiting France\".",[40,428,430],{"id":429},"when-french-drops-the-article","When French drops the article",[116,432,433,445,451,457],{},[119,434,435,438,439,441,442,444],{},[122,436,437],{},"After 'de' meaning quantity",": \"beaucoup ",[122,440,280],{}," pain\" (a lot of bread), \"un kilo ",[122,443,280],{}," pommes\" (a kilo of apples). No article after the de.",[119,446,447,450],{},[122,448,449],{},"After 'sans'",": \"sans eau\" (without water).",[119,452,453,456],{},[122,454,455],{},"In some set expressions",": \"avoir faim\", \"avoir peur\", \"faire attention\".",[119,458,459,462],{},[122,460,461],{},"Profession after 'etre'"," (no adjective): \"Il est medecin\" (He is a doctor). With an adjective the article comes back: \"Il est un bon medecin\".",[40,464,466],{"id":465},"how-to-internalise-french-articles","How to internalise French articles",[112,468,469],{},"The definite\u002Findefinite system is mechanical - learn the gender of the noun and the article follows. The partitive is the conceptual shift: any time you're talking about an unspecified amount of something uncountable (eating, drinking, having abstract qualities), you need du \u002F de la \u002F des. English speakers who drop them sound like they're learning - keeping them is what tips you from beginner to intermediate-sounding French.",[112,471,472],{},"Practical rule: when in doubt, default to inserting the article. French over-articulates by English standards; if you sound like you're using \"too many\" articles, you're probably in the right zone.",{"title":474,"searchDepth":475,"depth":475,"links":476},"",2,[477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486],{"id":42,"depth":475,"text":43},{"id":137,"depth":475,"text":138},{"id":170,"depth":475,"text":171},{"id":202,"depth":475,"text":203},{"id":255,"depth":475,"text":256},{"id":273,"depth":475,"text":274},{"id":313,"depth":475,"text":314},{"id":383,"depth":475,"text":384},{"id":429,"depth":475,"text":430},{"id":465,"depth":475,"text":466},"A1-B1","French definite (le \u002F la \u002F les), indefinite (un \u002F une \u002F des) and partitive (du \u002F de la \u002F de l' \u002F des) articles. Gender agreement, elision before vowels, the rule that turns every article into 'de' after a negation, and the partitive English doesn't have.","md",[491,494,497,500,503,506],{"q":492,"a":493},"When do I use du, de la, or des in French?","These are the partitive articles, used for an unspecified amount of an uncountable thing. Use 'du' before a masculine noun (du pain, du vin), 'de la' before a feminine noun (de la viande, de la patience), and 'des' for the plural (des frites). Before a vowel or silent h, both 'du' and 'de la' collapse to 'de l'' (de l'eau, de l'huile).",{"q":495,"a":496},"What is the difference between 'je mange du pain' and 'je mange le pain'?","'Je mange du pain' means 'I am eating (some) bread' - an unspecified amount of bread in general. 'Je mange le pain' means 'I am eating THE bread' - a specific loaf the listener already knows about, like the one on the table. Dropping the article entirely ('je mange pain') is always wrong; French requires one or the other.",{"q":498,"a":499},"Why do the French say 'j'aime les chiens' and not 'j'aime des chiens'?","General statements about a whole class of things take the definite article in French, even though English drops it. 'J'aime les chiens' means 'I like dogs' - dogs as a category. 'J'aime des chiens' would mean 'I like some particular dogs', which is rarely what you mean. The same pattern applies to abstract nouns and languages: 'la patience est une vertu', 'j'aime le francais'.",{"q":501,"a":502},"What happens to articles after 'ne... pas' in French?","After a negation, indefinite and partitive articles collapse to plain 'de' (or 'd'' before a vowel). 'J'ai un chien' becomes 'je n'ai pas de chien'; 'je mange du pain' becomes 'je ne mange pas de pain'; 'il a des amis' becomes 'il n'a pas d'amis'. The definite article (le, la, les) does not change, because it still points to a specific thing: 'je ne vois pas le chien'.",{"q":504,"a":505},"When does 'le' or 'la' become 'l'' in French?","'Le' and 'la' both shorten to 'l'' when the next word starts with a vowel sound or a silent h: l'eau, l'homme, l'arbre, l'hotel. The same elision happens to the partitive 'de la' and 'de le', giving 'de l'eau' and 'de l'huile'. Elision is mandatory, not stylistic; 'le eau' or 'la homme' is wrong every time.",{"q":507,"a":508},"Why is it 'au cinema' and not 'a le cinema' in French?","French contracts the prepositions 'a' and 'de' with the masculine and plural definite articles. 'A + le' becomes 'au' (au cinema), 'a + les' becomes 'aux' (aux enfants), 'de + le' becomes 'du' (la maison du voisin), and 'de + les' becomes 'des' (les chambres des enfants). The contractions are mandatory. They only apply to 'le' and 'les'; 'a la' and 'a l'' stay as they are.","French has three article systems where English has two: definite, indefinite, and partitive. The partitive (du, de la, de l', des) marks an unspecified quantity of something - 'some water', 'some bread' - and English speakers consistently drop it because English doesn't have an equivalent. This page covers all three systems, the elision rule that swaps le\u002Fla for l' before a vowel, the negation rule that turns every article into 'de', and where French uses articles when English doesn't.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Farticles",{"title":34,"description":488},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Farticles","hw-ADowD_Jj782suM_n6SIt_eEbFihjeDaNtjG9D-YI",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":519},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":521},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":523},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":525},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":527},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":529},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":531},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":533,"hidden":512},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781519463112]