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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":2247,"date":35,"description":2248,"extension":2249,"faqs":35,"intro":2250,"language":2251,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":2252,"navigation":2253,"path":2254,"seo":2255,"stem":2256,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":2257},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconjugation.md","French Verb Conjugation: The Complete Rules with Examples",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":2204},"minimark",[39,44,48,104,112,126,130,133,236,256,260,263,268,322,326,380,384,387,390,404,408,411,416,420,455,459,466,486,490,497,525,528,534,538,541,547,639,641,657,661,664,685,688,702,705,709,716,831,833,858,868,872,875,966,977,981,984,988,993,1073,1075,1088,1092,1137,1146,1150,1153,1157,1160,1164,1172,1176,1181,1185,1190,1193,1219,1223,1226,1230,1347,1351,1464,1468,1581,1585,1697,1701,1813,1817,1929,1968,1972,1975,2027,2034,2054,2060,2068,2072,2075,2123,2127,2130,2151,2155],[40,41,43],"h2",{"id":42},"the-three-verb-groups","The three verb groups",[45,46,47],"p",{},"French verbs are traditionally divided into three groups based on the infinitive and conjugation pattern:",[49,50,51,67],"table",{},[52,53,54],"thead",{},[55,56,57,61,64],"tr",{},[58,59,60],"th",{},"Group",[58,62,63],{},"Description",[58,65,66],{},"Example",[68,69,70,82,93],"tbody",{},[55,71,72,76,79],{},[73,74,75],"td",{},"First group",[73,77,78],{},"-er verbs (regular pattern)",[73,80,81],{},"parler (to speak), aimer (to love), manger (to eat)",[55,83,84,87,90],{},[73,85,86],{},"Second group",[73,88,89],{},"-ir verbs with -iss- infix in plural",[73,91,92],{},"finir (to finish), choisir (to choose), grandir (to grow)",[55,94,95,98,101],{},[73,96,97],{},"Third group",[73,99,100],{},"All other verbs (irregular, -ir, -re, -oir)",[73,102,103],{},"aller (to go), prendre (to take), pouvoir (to be able), partir (to leave)",[45,105,106,107,111],{},"The first group is by far the largest (~90% of verbs) and is ",[108,109,110],"strong",{},"almost entirely regular"," - apart from spelling adjustments in the stem (-ger, -cer verbs), -er verbs follow a single pattern. The second group is smaller but also highly regular. The third group is where most irregularity lives.",[45,113,114,117,118,121,122,125],{},[108,115,116],{},"Critical caveat",": the \"second group\" label specifically means -ir verbs that take the ",[108,119,120],{},"-iss-"," infix in the plural present (e.g. ",[108,123,124],{},"finissons, finissez, finissent","). Many -ir verbs (partir, sortir, dormir, venir) belong to the irregular third group, not the second group, despite the -ir ending.",[40,127,129],{"id":128},"the-six-persons","The six persons",[45,131,132],{},"French conjugates verbs in six persons:",[49,134,135,151],{},[52,136,137],{},[55,138,139,142,145,148],{},[58,140,141],{},"Person",[58,143,144],{},"French",[58,146,147],{},"English",[58,149,150],{},"Notes",[68,152,153,167,180,194,208,222],{},[55,154,155,158,161,164],{},[73,156,157],{},"1st singular",[73,159,160],{},"je",[73,162,163],{},"I",[73,165,166],{},"Elides to j' before vowels.",[55,168,169,172,175,178],{},[73,170,171],{},"2nd singular informal",[73,173,174],{},"tu",[73,176,177],{},"you (informal)",[73,179],{},[55,181,182,185,188,191],{},[73,183,184],{},"3rd singular",[73,186,187],{},"il \u002F elle \u002F on",[73,189,190],{},"he \u002F she \u002F one",[73,192,193],{},"\"On\" is widely used as informal \"we\" or generic \"one.\"",[55,195,196,199,202,205],{},[73,197,198],{},"1st plural",[73,200,201],{},"nous",[73,203,204],{},"we",[73,206,207],{},"In casual speech often replaced by \"on\" + 3rd singular.",[55,209,210,213,216,219],{},[73,211,212],{},"2nd plural \u002F 2nd formal",[73,214,215],{},"vous",[73,217,218],{},"you all \u002F you (formal)",[73,220,221],{},"Same form for plural and formal singular.",[55,223,224,227,230,233],{},[73,225,226],{},"3rd plural",[73,228,229],{},"ils \u002F elles",[73,231,232],{},"they",[73,234,235],{},"Masculine and feminine forms; \"ils\" for mixed groups.",[45,237,238,239,242,243,242,245,242,248,242,250,242,252,255],{},"Pattern point: French does NOT drop subject pronouns the way Spanish or Italian do. ",[108,240,241],{},"Je",", ",[108,244,174],{},[108,246,247],{},"il\u002Felle",[108,249,201],{},[108,251,215],{},[108,253,254],{},"ils\u002Felles"," are essentially always written (with elisions like \"j'\" before vowels).",[40,257,259],{"id":258},"present-tense-present-de-lindicatif","Present tense (present de l'indicatif)",[45,261,262],{},"The present tense covers current ongoing actions, habitual actions, and near-future actions. The endings:",[264,265,267],"h3",{"id":266},"first-group-er-eg-parler","First group (-er, e.g. parler)",[49,269,270,279],{},[52,271,272],{},[55,273,274,276],{},[58,275,141],{},[58,277,278],{},"parler",[68,280,281,288,295,301,308,315],{},[55,282,283,285],{},[73,284,160],{},[73,286,287],{},"parle",[55,289,290,292],{},[73,291,174],{},[73,293,294],{},"parles",[55,296,297,299],{},[73,298,187],{},[73,300,287],{},[55,302,303,305],{},[73,304,201],{},[73,306,307],{},"parlons",[55,309,310,312],{},[73,311,215],{},[73,313,314],{},"parlez",[55,316,317,319],{},[73,318,229],{},[73,320,321],{},"parlent",[264,323,325],{"id":324},"second-group-ir-with-iss-eg-finir","Second group (-ir with -iss-, e.g. finir)",[49,327,328,337],{},[52,329,330],{},[55,331,332,334],{},[58,333,141],{},[58,335,336],{},"finir",[68,338,339,346,352,359,366,373],{},[55,340,341,343],{},[73,342,160],{},[73,344,345],{},"finis",[55,347,348,350],{},[73,349,174],{},[73,351,345],{},[55,353,354,356],{},[73,355,187],{},[73,357,358],{},"finit",[55,360,361,363],{},[73,362,201],{},[73,364,365],{},"finissons",[55,367,368,370],{},[73,369,215],{},[73,371,372],{},"finissez",[55,374,375,377],{},[73,376,229],{},[73,378,379],{},"finissent",[264,381,383],{"id":382},"third-group-irregular-varies","Third group (irregular, varies)",[45,385,386],{},"Examples covered later in the irregular verbs section.",[45,388,389],{},"Pattern points:",[391,392,393,401],"ul",{},[394,395,396,397,400],"li",{},"For -er verbs, the je, tu, il\u002Felle\u002Fon, and ils\u002Felles forms are pronounced ",[108,398,399],{},"identically"," (parle, parles, parle, parlent all sound like \"parl\"). The spelling differs but the pronunciation does not - a major French phonological feature.",[394,402,403],{},"For -ir verbs (second group), the je, tu, and il\u002Felle\u002Fon forms also sound identical (fini).",[40,405,407],{"id":406},"passe-compose-the-workhorse-past-tense","Passe compose - the workhorse past tense",[45,409,410],{},"The passe compose is the everyday French past tense for completed actions. It is a compound tense:",[45,412,413],{},[108,414,415],{},"auxiliary verb (avoir or etre, present tense) + past participle",[264,417,419],{"id":418},"past-participle-formation","Past participle formation",[391,421,422,432,442,452],{},[394,423,424,427,428,431],{},[108,425,426],{},"-er verbs",": replace -er with ",[108,429,430],{},"-e"," (parler → parle).",[394,433,434,437,438,441],{},[108,435,436],{},"-ir verbs (2nd group)",": replace -ir with ",[108,439,440],{},"-i"," (finir → fini).",[394,443,444,447,448,451],{},[108,445,446],{},"-re verbs (regular)",": replace -re with ",[108,449,450],{},"-u"," (vendre → vendu).",[394,453,454],{},"Many irregular verbs have irregular past participles (etre → ete, avoir → eu, faire → fait, prendre → pris, voir → vu).",[264,456,458],{"id":457},"avoir-conjugated-verbs","Avoir-conjugated verbs",[45,460,461,462,465],{},"Most verbs use ",[108,463,464],{},"avoir"," as auxiliary:",[391,467,468,474,480],{},[394,469,470,473],{},[108,471,472],{},"J'ai parle"," - I spoke \u002F I have spoken.",[394,475,476,479],{},[108,477,478],{},"Tu as fini"," - You finished \u002F you have finished.",[394,481,482,485],{},[108,483,484],{},"Nous avons vendu"," - We sold \u002F we have sold.",[264,487,489],{"id":488},"etre-conjugated-verbs","Etre-conjugated verbs",[45,491,492,493,496],{},"A specific set of intransitive movement verbs (\"Dr Mrs Vandertramp\" mnemonic) use ",[108,494,495],{},"etre"," as auxiliary, AND the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:",[391,498,499,509,519],{},[394,500,501,504,505,508],{},[108,502,503],{},"Je suis alle"," (masculine) \u002F ",[108,506,507],{},"Je suis allee"," (feminine) - I went.",[394,510,511,514,515,518],{},[108,512,513],{},"Nous sommes alles"," \u002F ",[108,516,517],{},"Nous sommes allees"," - We went.",[394,520,521,524],{},[108,522,523],{},"Elles sont parties"," - They (feminine) left.",[45,526,527],{},"The Vandertramp set: aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naitre, mourir, rester, retourner, tomber, revenir, rentrer, retourner, devenir, passer (in some uses), and their compounds.",[45,529,530,531,533],{},"All reflexive verbs also take ",[108,532,495],{}," as auxiliary.",[40,535,537],{"id":536},"imparfait-past-ongoing-or-habitual","Imparfait - past ongoing or habitual",[45,539,540],{},"The imparfait expresses past ongoing, habitual, or background actions (\"I used to live,\" \"she was speaking\").",[45,542,543,544,546],{},"Formed from the ",[108,545,201],{}," form of the present indicative (drop -ons), then add the endings:",[49,548,549,562],{},[52,550,551],{},[55,552,553,555,558,560],{},[58,554,141],{},[58,556,557],{},"Ending",[58,559,278],{},[58,561,336],{},[68,563,564,577,587,600,613,626],{},[55,565,566,568,571,574],{},[73,567,160],{},[73,569,570],{},"-ais",[73,572,573],{},"parlais",[73,575,576],{},"finissais",[55,578,579,581,583,585],{},[73,580,174],{},[73,582,570],{},[73,584,573],{},[73,586,576],{},[55,588,589,591,594,597],{},[73,590,187],{},[73,592,593],{},"-ait",[73,595,596],{},"parlait",[73,598,599],{},"finissait",[55,601,602,604,607,610],{},[73,603,201],{},[73,605,606],{},"-ions",[73,608,609],{},"parlions",[73,611,612],{},"finissions",[55,614,615,617,620,623],{},[73,616,215],{},[73,618,619],{},"-iez",[73,621,622],{},"parliez",[73,624,625],{},"finissiez",[55,627,628,630,633,636],{},[73,629,229],{},[73,631,632],{},"-aient",[73,634,635],{},"parlaient",[73,637,638],{},"finissaient",[45,640,389],{},[391,642,643,650],{},[394,644,645,646,649],{},"The imparfait is ",[108,647,648],{},"extremely regular"," - only one verb (etre) has an irregular imparfait stem (et-).",[394,651,652,653,656],{},"The je, tu, il\u002Felle\u002Fon, and ils\u002Felles forms sound ",[108,654,655],{},"identical"," (parlais, parlais, parlait, parlaient all pronounced \"parle\").",[40,658,660],{"id":659},"passe-compose-vs-imparfait","Passe compose vs imparfait",[45,662,663],{},"The major past-tense distinction for French learners:",[391,665,666,676],{},[394,667,668,671,672,675],{},[108,669,670],{},"Passe compose"," = completed, bounded action. \"I lived in Paris for 3 years\" (boundary stated) = ",[108,673,674],{},"j'ai vecu",".",[394,677,678,681,682,675],{},[108,679,680],{},"Imparfait"," = ongoing, habitual, or background past. \"I lived in Paris when I was young\" (no boundary, background context) = ",[108,683,684],{},"j'habitais",[45,686,687],{},"Useful tests:",[391,689,690,693,696,699],{},[394,691,692],{},"Can you replace it with \"used to\" in English? → imparfait.",[394,694,695],{},"Is there a specific endpoint mentioned? → passe compose.",[394,697,698],{},"Is the verb describing a state, weather, or background? → imparfait.",[394,700,701],{},"Is the verb describing a discrete event? → passe compose.",[45,703,704],{},"The two tenses often co-occur in narrative: imparfait for background (\"il pleuvait\" - it was raining), passe compose for events (\"soudain, il est tombe\" - suddenly, he fell).",[40,706,708],{"id":707},"future-tense-futur-simple","Future tense (futur simple)",[45,710,711,712,715],{},"The future tense expresses future actions. Endings are added to the ",[108,713,714],{},"full infinitive"," (with -re verbs dropping the final -e):",[49,717,718,733],{},[52,719,720],{},[55,721,722,724,726,728,730],{},[58,723,141],{},[58,725,557],{},[58,727,278],{},[58,729,336],{},[58,731,732],{},"vendre",[68,734,735,751,767,783,799,815],{},[55,736,737,739,742,745,748],{},[73,738,160],{},[73,740,741],{},"-ai",[73,743,744],{},"parlerai",[73,746,747],{},"finirai",[73,749,750],{},"vendrai",[55,752,753,755,758,761,764],{},[73,754,174],{},[73,756,757],{},"-as",[73,759,760],{},"parleras",[73,762,763],{},"finiras",[73,765,766],{},"vendras",[55,768,769,771,774,777,780],{},[73,770,187],{},[73,772,773],{},"-a",[73,775,776],{},"parlera",[73,778,779],{},"finira",[73,781,782],{},"vendra",[55,784,785,787,790,793,796],{},[73,786,201],{},[73,788,789],{},"-ons",[73,791,792],{},"parlerons",[73,794,795],{},"finirons",[73,797,798],{},"vendrons",[55,800,801,803,806,809,812],{},[73,802,215],{},[73,804,805],{},"-ez",[73,807,808],{},"parlerez",[73,810,811],{},"finirez",[73,813,814],{},"vendrez",[55,816,817,819,822,825,828],{},[73,818,229],{},[73,820,821],{},"-ont",[73,823,824],{},"parleront",[73,826,827],{},"finiront",[73,829,830],{},"vendront",[45,832,389],{},[391,834,835,841,855],{},[394,836,837,838,840],{},"All three groups share ",[108,839,655],{}," future endings.",[394,842,843,844,846,847,851,852,854],{},"The endings derive from the present tense of ",[108,845,464],{}," (ai, as, a, ",[848,849,850],"span",{},"av","ons, ",[848,853,850],{},"ez, ont).",[394,856,857],{},"Some irregular verbs have irregular futur stems (etre → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, venir → viendr-, voir → verr-, savoir → saur-, pouvoir → pourr-, vouloir → voudr-).",[45,859,860,863,864,867],{},[108,861,862],{},"Note on usage",": Like Spanish, French often replaces the simple future with ",[108,865,866],{},"aller + infinitive"," (\"Je vais parler\" - I'm going to speak) in spoken language. The simple future remains common in writing and for emphasis.",[40,869,871],{"id":870},"conditionnel","Conditionnel",[45,873,874],{},"The conditional expresses hypothetical or polite actions (\"I would speak,\" \"she would eat\"). Same stem as the future, same endings as the imparfait:",[49,876,877,889],{},[52,878,879],{},[55,880,881,883,885,887],{},[58,882,141],{},[58,884,278],{},[58,886,336],{},[58,888,732],{},[68,890,891,904,914,927,940,953],{},[55,892,893,895,898,901],{},[73,894,160],{},[73,896,897],{},"parlerais",[73,899,900],{},"finirais",[73,902,903],{},"vendrais",[55,905,906,908,910,912],{},[73,907,174],{},[73,909,897],{},[73,911,900],{},[73,913,903],{},[55,915,916,918,921,924],{},[73,917,187],{},[73,919,920],{},"parlerait",[73,922,923],{},"finirait",[73,925,926],{},"vendrait",[55,928,929,931,934,937],{},[73,930,201],{},[73,932,933],{},"parlerions",[73,935,936],{},"finirions",[73,938,939],{},"vendrions",[55,941,942,944,947,950],{},[73,943,215],{},[73,945,946],{},"parleriez",[73,948,949],{},"finiriez",[73,951,952],{},"vendriez",[55,954,955,957,960,963],{},[73,956,229],{},[73,958,959],{},"parleraient",[73,961,962],{},"finiraient",[73,964,965],{},"vendraient",[45,967,968,969,972,973,976],{},"Critical for polite requests: ",[108,970,971],{},"je voudrais"," (I would like), ",[108,974,975],{},"pourriez-vous"," (could you).",[40,978,980],{"id":979},"subjonctif","Subjonctif",[45,982,983],{},"The subjunctive expresses doubt, emotion, possibility, desire, and other non-factual contexts.",[264,985,987],{"id":986},"present-subjunctive-formation","Present subjunctive formation",[45,989,543,990,992],{},[108,991,254],{}," form of the present indicative (drop -ent), then add the subjunctive endings:",[49,994,995,1007],{},[52,996,997],{},[55,998,999,1001,1003,1005],{},[58,1000,141],{},[58,1002,557],{},[58,1004,278],{},[58,1006,336],{},[68,1008,1009,1020,1032,1042,1052,1062],{},[55,1010,1011,1013,1015,1017],{},[73,1012,160],{},[73,1014,430],{},[73,1016,287],{},[73,1018,1019],{},"finisse",[55,1021,1022,1024,1027,1029],{},[73,1023,174],{},[73,1025,1026],{},"-es",[73,1028,294],{},[73,1030,1031],{},"finisses",[55,1033,1034,1036,1038,1040],{},[73,1035,187],{},[73,1037,430],{},[73,1039,287],{},[73,1041,1019],{},[55,1043,1044,1046,1048,1050],{},[73,1045,201],{},[73,1047,606],{},[73,1049,609],{},[73,1051,612],{},[55,1053,1054,1056,1058,1060],{},[73,1055,215],{},[73,1057,619],{},[73,1059,622],{},[73,1061,625],{},[55,1063,1064,1066,1069,1071],{},[73,1065,229],{},[73,1067,1068],{},"-ent",[73,1070,321],{},[73,1072,379],{},[45,1074,389],{},[391,1076,1077,1082,1085],{},[394,1078,652,1079,1081],{},[108,1080,655],{}," (and the same as their present indicative counterparts for -er verbs).",[394,1083,1084],{},"The nous and vous forms are identical to the imparfait.",[394,1086,1087],{},"Several verbs have irregular subjunctive stems (etre → soi-, avoir → ai-, aller → aill-, faire → fass-, savoir → sach-, pouvoir → puiss-, vouloir → veuill-).",[264,1089,1091],{"id":1090},"when-to-use-the-subjunctive","When to use the subjunctive",[391,1093,1094,1101,1108,1115,1122],{},[394,1095,1096,1097,1100],{},"After expressions of doubt: ",[108,1098,1099],{},"Je ne pense pas qu'il vienne"," (I don't think he's coming).",[394,1102,1103,1104,1107],{},"After expressions of emotion: ",[108,1105,1106],{},"Je suis content que tu sois la"," (I'm glad you're here).",[394,1109,1110,1111,1114],{},"After expressions of desire\u002Fwill: ",[108,1112,1113],{},"Je veux que tu viennes"," (I want you to come).",[394,1116,1117,1118,1121],{},"After impersonal expressions: ",[108,1119,1120],{},"Il faut que tu etudies"," (You must study).",[394,1123,1124,1125,242,1128,242,1131,242,1134,675],{},"After certain conjunctions: ",[108,1126,1127],{},"bien que",[108,1129,1130],{},"pour que",[108,1132,1133],{},"avant que",[108,1135,1136],{},"sans que",[45,1138,1139,1140,1145],{},"The ",[1141,1142,1144],"a",{"href":1143},"\u002Fresources\u002Ffrench-subjunctive-explained","French subjunctive deep-dive"," covers the full usage rules.",[264,1147,1149],{"id":1148},"imparfait-du-subjonctif","Imparfait du subjonctif",[45,1151,1152],{},"Largely a literary tense in modern French. Most speakers replace it with the present subjunctive. Used in formal writing.",[40,1154,1156],{"id":1155},"imperative-imperatif","Imperative (imperatif)",[45,1158,1159],{},"Used for commands. The three imperative forms:",[264,1161,1163],{"id":1162},"tu-form-informal-singular","Tu form (informal singular)",[391,1165,1166,1169],{},[394,1167,1168],{},"For -er verbs: present indicative tu form WITHOUT the final -s (parle, mange, NOT parles, manges).",[394,1170,1171],{},"For -ir and -re verbs: present indicative tu form (finis, vends).",[264,1173,1175],{"id":1174},"nous-form-lets-command","Nous form (let's command)",[391,1177,1178],{},[394,1179,1180],{},"Same as present indicative nous form (parlons, finissons, vendons).",[264,1182,1184],{"id":1183},"vous-form-formalplural","Vous form (formal\u002Fplural)",[391,1186,1187],{},[394,1188,1189],{},"Same as present indicative vous form (parlez, finissez, vendez).",[45,1191,1192],{},"Examples:",[391,1194,1195,1201,1207,1213],{},[394,1196,1197,1200],{},[108,1198,1199],{},"Parle!"," - Speak! (informal).",[394,1202,1203,1206],{},[108,1204,1205],{},"Parlez!"," - Speak! (formal or plural).",[394,1208,1209,1212],{},[108,1210,1211],{},"Allons-y!"," - Let's go!",[394,1214,1215,1218],{},[108,1216,1217],{},"Ne parle pas!"," - Don't speak!",[40,1220,1222],{"id":1221},"the-most-important-irregular-verbs","The most important irregular verbs",[45,1224,1225],{},"French has many irregular verbs but the workhorses are these:",[264,1227,1229],{"id":1228},"etre-to-be","Etre (to be)",[49,1231,1232,1248],{},[52,1233,1234],{},[55,1235,1236,1238,1241,1243,1245],{},[58,1237,141],{},[58,1239,1240],{},"Present",[58,1242,670],{},[58,1244,680],{},[58,1246,1247],{},"Futur",[68,1249,1250,1266,1281,1298,1314,1330],{},[55,1251,1252,1254,1257,1260,1263],{},[73,1253,160],{},[73,1255,1256],{},"suis",[73,1258,1259],{},"ai ete",[73,1261,1262],{},"etais",[73,1264,1265],{},"serai",[55,1267,1268,1270,1273,1276,1278],{},[73,1269,174],{},[73,1271,1272],{},"es",[73,1274,1275],{},"as ete",[73,1277,1262],{},[73,1279,1280],{},"seras",[55,1282,1283,1286,1289,1292,1295],{},[73,1284,1285],{},"il",[73,1287,1288],{},"est",[73,1290,1291],{},"a ete",[73,1293,1294],{},"etait",[73,1296,1297],{},"sera",[55,1299,1300,1302,1305,1308,1311],{},[73,1301,201],{},[73,1303,1304],{},"sommes",[73,1306,1307],{},"avons ete",[73,1309,1310],{},"etions",[73,1312,1313],{},"serons",[55,1315,1316,1318,1321,1324,1327],{},[73,1317,215],{},[73,1319,1320],{},"etes",[73,1322,1323],{},"avez ete",[73,1325,1326],{},"etiez",[73,1328,1329],{},"serez",[55,1331,1332,1335,1338,1341,1344],{},[73,1333,1334],{},"ils",[73,1336,1337],{},"sont",[73,1339,1340],{},"ont ete",[73,1342,1343],{},"etaient",[73,1345,1346],{},"seront",[264,1348,1350],{"id":1349},"avoir-to-have","Avoir (to have)",[49,1352,1353,1367],{},[52,1354,1355],{},[55,1356,1357,1359,1361,1363,1365],{},[58,1358,141],{},[58,1360,1240],{},[58,1362,670],{},[58,1364,680],{},[58,1366,1247],{},[68,1368,1369,1386,1401,1416,1432,1448],{},[55,1370,1371,1374,1377,1380,1383],{},[73,1372,1373],{},"j'",[73,1375,1376],{},"ai",[73,1378,1379],{},"ai eu",[73,1381,1382],{},"avais",[73,1384,1385],{},"aurai",[55,1387,1388,1390,1393,1396,1398],{},[73,1389,174],{},[73,1391,1392],{},"as",[73,1394,1395],{},"as eu",[73,1397,1382],{},[73,1399,1400],{},"auras",[55,1402,1403,1405,1407,1410,1413],{},[73,1404,1285],{},[73,1406,1141],{},[73,1408,1409],{},"a eu",[73,1411,1412],{},"avait",[73,1414,1415],{},"aura",[55,1417,1418,1420,1423,1426,1429],{},[73,1419,201],{},[73,1421,1422],{},"avons",[73,1424,1425],{},"avons eu",[73,1427,1428],{},"avions",[73,1430,1431],{},"aurons",[55,1433,1434,1436,1439,1442,1445],{},[73,1435,215],{},[73,1437,1438],{},"avez",[73,1440,1441],{},"avez eu",[73,1443,1444],{},"aviez",[73,1446,1447],{},"aurez",[55,1449,1450,1452,1455,1458,1461],{},[73,1451,1334],{},[73,1453,1454],{},"ont",[73,1456,1457],{},"ont eu",[73,1459,1460],{},"avaient",[73,1462,1463],{},"auront",[264,1465,1467],{"id":1466},"aller-to-go","Aller (to go)",[49,1469,1470,1484],{},[52,1471,1472],{},[55,1473,1474,1476,1478,1480,1482],{},[58,1475,141],{},[58,1477,1240],{},[58,1479,670],{},[58,1481,680],{},[58,1483,1247],{},[68,1485,1486,1502,1517,1533,1549,1565],{},[55,1487,1488,1490,1493,1496,1499],{},[73,1489,160],{},[73,1491,1492],{},"vais",[73,1494,1495],{},"suis alle(e)",[73,1497,1498],{},"allais",[73,1500,1501],{},"irai",[55,1503,1504,1506,1509,1512,1514],{},[73,1505,174],{},[73,1507,1508],{},"vas",[73,1510,1511],{},"es alle(e)",[73,1513,1498],{},[73,1515,1516],{},"iras",[55,1518,1519,1521,1524,1527,1530],{},[73,1520,1285],{},[73,1522,1523],{},"va",[73,1525,1526],{},"est alle",[73,1528,1529],{},"allait",[73,1531,1532],{},"ira",[55,1534,1535,1537,1540,1543,1546],{},[73,1536,201],{},[73,1538,1539],{},"allons",[73,1541,1542],{},"sommes alle(e)s",[73,1544,1545],{},"allions",[73,1547,1548],{},"irons",[55,1550,1551,1553,1556,1559,1562],{},[73,1552,215],{},[73,1554,1555],{},"allez",[73,1557,1558],{},"etes alle(e)(s)",[73,1560,1561],{},"alliez",[73,1563,1564],{},"irez",[55,1566,1567,1569,1572,1575,1578],{},[73,1568,1334],{},[73,1570,1571],{},"vont",[73,1573,1574],{},"sont alle(e)s",[73,1576,1577],{},"allaient",[73,1579,1580],{},"iront",[264,1582,1584],{"id":1583},"faire-to-domake","Faire (to do\u002Fmake)",[49,1586,1587,1601],{},[52,1588,1589],{},[55,1590,1591,1593,1595,1597,1599],{},[58,1592,141],{},[58,1594,1240],{},[58,1596,670],{},[58,1598,680],{},[58,1600,1247],{},[68,1602,1603,1619,1633,1649,1665,1681],{},[55,1604,1605,1607,1610,1613,1616],{},[73,1606,160],{},[73,1608,1609],{},"fais",[73,1611,1612],{},"ai fait",[73,1614,1615],{},"faisais",[73,1617,1618],{},"ferai",[55,1620,1621,1623,1625,1628,1630],{},[73,1622,174],{},[73,1624,1609],{},[73,1626,1627],{},"as fait",[73,1629,1615],{},[73,1631,1632],{},"feras",[55,1634,1635,1637,1640,1643,1646],{},[73,1636,1285],{},[73,1638,1639],{},"fait",[73,1641,1642],{},"a fait",[73,1644,1645],{},"faisait",[73,1647,1648],{},"fera",[55,1650,1651,1653,1656,1659,1662],{},[73,1652,201],{},[73,1654,1655],{},"faisons",[73,1657,1658],{},"avons fait",[73,1660,1661],{},"faisions",[73,1663,1664],{},"ferons",[55,1666,1667,1669,1672,1675,1678],{},[73,1668,215],{},[73,1670,1671],{},"faites",[73,1673,1674],{},"avez fait",[73,1676,1677],{},"faisiez",[73,1679,1680],{},"ferez",[55,1682,1683,1685,1688,1691,1694],{},[73,1684,1334],{},[73,1686,1687],{},"font",[73,1689,1690],{},"ont fait",[73,1692,1693],{},"faisaient",[73,1695,1696],{},"feront",[264,1698,1700],{"id":1699},"venir-to-come","Venir (to come)",[49,1702,1703,1717],{},[52,1704,1705],{},[55,1706,1707,1709,1711,1713,1715],{},[58,1708,141],{},[58,1710,1240],{},[58,1712,670],{},[58,1714,680],{},[58,1716,1247],{},[68,1718,1719,1735,1749,1765,1781,1797],{},[55,1720,1721,1723,1726,1729,1732],{},[73,1722,160],{},[73,1724,1725],{},"viens",[73,1727,1728],{},"suis venu(e)",[73,1730,1731],{},"venais",[73,1733,1734],{},"viendrai",[55,1736,1737,1739,1741,1744,1746],{},[73,1738,174],{},[73,1740,1725],{},[73,1742,1743],{},"es venu(e)",[73,1745,1731],{},[73,1747,1748],{},"viendras",[55,1750,1751,1753,1756,1759,1762],{},[73,1752,1285],{},[73,1754,1755],{},"vient",[73,1757,1758],{},"est venu",[73,1760,1761],{},"venait",[73,1763,1764],{},"viendra",[55,1766,1767,1769,1772,1775,1778],{},[73,1768,201],{},[73,1770,1771],{},"venons",[73,1773,1774],{},"sommes venu(e)s",[73,1776,1777],{},"venions",[73,1779,1780],{},"viendrons",[55,1782,1783,1785,1788,1791,1794],{},[73,1784,215],{},[73,1786,1787],{},"venez",[73,1789,1790],{},"etes venu(e)(s)",[73,1792,1793],{},"veniez",[73,1795,1796],{},"viendrez",[55,1798,1799,1801,1804,1807,1810],{},[73,1800,1334],{},[73,1802,1803],{},"viennent",[73,1805,1806],{},"sont venu(e)s",[73,1808,1809],{},"venaient",[73,1811,1812],{},"viendront",[264,1814,1816],{"id":1815},"pouvoir-to-be-able","Pouvoir (to be able)",[49,1818,1819,1833],{},[52,1820,1821],{},[55,1822,1823,1825,1827,1829,1831],{},[58,1824,141],{},[58,1826,1240],{},[58,1828,670],{},[58,1830,680],{},[58,1832,1247],{},[68,1834,1835,1851,1865,1881,1897,1913],{},[55,1836,1837,1839,1842,1845,1848],{},[73,1838,160],{},[73,1840,1841],{},"peux",[73,1843,1844],{},"ai pu",[73,1846,1847],{},"pouvais",[73,1849,1850],{},"pourrai",[55,1852,1853,1855,1857,1860,1862],{},[73,1854,174],{},[73,1856,1841],{},[73,1858,1859],{},"as pu",[73,1861,1847],{},[73,1863,1864],{},"pourras",[55,1866,1867,1869,1872,1875,1878],{},[73,1868,1285],{},[73,1870,1871],{},"peut",[73,1873,1874],{},"a pu",[73,1876,1877],{},"pouvait",[73,1879,1880],{},"pourra",[55,1882,1883,1885,1888,1891,1894],{},[73,1884,201],{},[73,1886,1887],{},"pouvons",[73,1889,1890],{},"avons pu",[73,1892,1893],{},"pouvions",[73,1895,1896],{},"pourrons",[55,1898,1899,1901,1904,1907,1910],{},[73,1900,215],{},[73,1902,1903],{},"pouvez",[73,1905,1906],{},"avez pu",[73,1908,1909],{},"pouviez",[73,1911,1912],{},"pourrez",[55,1914,1915,1917,1920,1923,1926],{},[73,1916,1334],{},[73,1918,1919],{},"peuvent",[73,1921,1922],{},"ont pu",[73,1924,1925],{},"pouvaient",[73,1927,1928],{},"pourront",[45,1930,1931,1932,1935,1936,1939,1940,1943,1944,1947,1948,1951,1952,1955,1956,1959,1960,1963,1964,1967],{},"Other high-frequency irregulars worth memorising: ",[108,1933,1934],{},"dire"," (to say), ",[108,1937,1938],{},"vouloir"," (to want), ",[108,1941,1942],{},"savoir"," (to know), ",[108,1945,1946],{},"voir"," (to see), ",[108,1949,1950],{},"prendre"," (to take), ",[108,1953,1954],{},"mettre"," (to put), ",[108,1957,1958],{},"devoir"," (must), ",[108,1961,1962],{},"lire"," (to read), ",[108,1965,1966],{},"ecrire"," (to write).",[40,1969,1971],{"id":1970},"reflexive-verbs","Reflexive verbs",[45,1973,1974],{},"Reflexive verbs take reflexive pronouns:",[49,1976,1977,1986],{},[52,1978,1979],{},[55,1980,1981,1983],{},[58,1982,141],{},[58,1984,1985],{},"Reflexive pronoun",[68,1987,1988,1995,2002,2009,2015,2021],{},[55,1989,1990,1992],{},[73,1991,160],{},[73,1993,1994],{},"me",[55,1996,1997,1999],{},[73,1998,174],{},[73,2000,2001],{},"te",[55,2003,2004,2006],{},[73,2005,187],{},[73,2007,2008],{},"se",[55,2010,2011,2013],{},[73,2012,201],{},[73,2014,201],{},[55,2016,2017,2019],{},[73,2018,215],{},[73,2020,215],{},[55,2022,2023,2025],{},[73,2024,229],{},[73,2026,2008],{},[45,2028,2029,2030,2033],{},"Example with ",[108,2031,2032],{},"se laver"," (to wash oneself):",[391,2035,2036,2042,2048],{},[394,2037,2038,2041],{},[108,2039,2040],{},"Je me lave"," - I wash myself.",[394,2043,2044,2047],{},[108,2045,2046],{},"Tu te laves"," - You wash yourself.",[394,2049,2050,2053],{},[108,2051,2052],{},"Nous nous lavons"," - We wash ourselves.",[45,2055,2056,2057,2059],{},"All reflexive verbs take ",[108,2058,495],{}," in the passe compose, with past participle agreement:",[391,2061,2062],{},[394,2063,2064,2067],{},[108,2065,2066],{},"Je me suis lave(e)"," - I washed myself.",[40,2069,2071],{"id":2070},"spelling-change-verbs-in-er","Spelling-change verbs in -er",[45,2073,2074],{},"Several subclasses of -er verbs have minor spelling shifts to preserve pronunciation:",[391,2076,2077,2087,2097,2110],{},[394,2078,2079,2082,2083,2086],{},[108,2080,2081],{},"-ger verbs"," (manger): add -e- before -ons (",[108,2084,2085],{},"nous mangeons"," not \"mangons\") to keep soft g.",[394,2088,2089,2092,2093,2096],{},[108,2090,2091],{},"-cer verbs"," (commencer): change c to c with cedilla before -ons (",[108,2094,2095],{},"nous commencons",") to keep soft c.",[394,2098,2099,2102,2103,242,2106,2109],{},[108,2100,2101],{},"-eler \u002F -eter verbs",": double the consonant before silent endings (",[108,2104,2105],{},"j'appelle",[108,2107,2108],{},"je jette","), with a few exceptions.",[394,2111,2112,2115,2116,242,2119,2122],{},[108,2113,2114],{},"-yer verbs",": change y to i before silent endings (",[108,2117,2118],{},"je paie",[108,2120,2121],{},"je nettoie",").",[40,2124,2126],{"id":2125},"how-to-actually-internalise-french-conjugation","How to actually internalise French conjugation",[45,2128,2129],{},"Three practical recommendations:",[2131,2132,2133,2139,2145],"ol",{},[394,2134,2135,2138],{},[108,2136,2137],{},"Master the present tense of etre, avoir, aller, faire first."," These four verbs do most of the conjugation work in spoken French (etre and avoir as auxiliaries, aller as the \"going to\" future, faire in countless idioms). Completely memorising them is the highest-leverage first step.",[394,2140,2141,2144],{},[108,2142,2143],{},"Drill the passe compose vs imparfait distinction."," The two-past-tense system is the biggest hurdle for French learners after the early stages. Real fluency requires hearing thousands of examples until choice becomes intuitive.",[394,2146,2147,2150],{},[108,2148,2149],{},"Accept that pronunciation flattens the conjugation."," Many French verb forms sound identical (the je, tu, il, ils forms of -er verbs all sound the same). Learning to listen for context rather than ending sounds is essential. The spelling distinction matters for writing but not for speaking.",[40,2152,2154],{"id":2153},"cross-references","Cross-references",[391,2156,2157,2164,2171,2178,2185,2190,2197],{},[394,2158,1139,2159,2163],{},[1141,2160,2162],{"href":2161},"\u002Ffrench","French for adult learners pillar"," covers the wider French learning approach.",[394,2165,1139,2166,2170],{},[1141,2167,2169],{"href":2168},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the A1-B1 grammar overview.",[394,2172,1139,2173,2177],{},[1141,2174,2176],{"href":2175},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate (B1-B2) grammar page"," covers the next-level structures.",[394,2179,1139,2180,2184],{},[1141,2181,2183],{"href":2182},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadvanced","advanced (C1-C2) grammar page"," covers complex structures.",[394,2186,1139,2187,2189],{},[1141,2188,1144],{"href":1143}," covers subjunctive usage in detail.",[394,2191,1139,2192,2196],{},[1141,2193,2195],{"href":2194},"\u002Fresources\u002Fspanish-vs-french-subjunctive","Spanish vs French subjunctive comparison"," covers how the two systems diverge.",[394,2198,1139,2199,2203],{},[1141,2200,2202],{"href":2201},"\u002Fresources\u002Fcommon-mistakes-french-english-speakers","common mistakes for English speakers in French article"," covers the most frequent conjugation errors.",{"title":2205,"searchDepth":2206,"depth":2206,"links":2207},"",2,[2208,2209,2210,2216,2221,2222,2223,2224,2225,2230,2235,2243,2244,2245,2246],{"id":42,"depth":2206,"text":43},{"id":128,"depth":2206,"text":129},{"id":258,"depth":2206,"text":259,"children":2211},[2212,2214,2215],{"id":266,"depth":2213,"text":267},3,{"id":324,"depth":2213,"text":325},{"id":382,"depth":2213,"text":383},{"id":406,"depth":2206,"text":407,"children":2217},[2218,2219,2220],{"id":418,"depth":2213,"text":419},{"id":457,"depth":2213,"text":458},{"id":488,"depth":2213,"text":489},{"id":536,"depth":2206,"text":537},{"id":659,"depth":2206,"text":660},{"id":707,"depth":2206,"text":708},{"id":870,"depth":2206,"text":871},{"id":979,"depth":2206,"text":980,"children":2226},[2227,2228,2229],{"id":986,"depth":2213,"text":987},{"id":1090,"depth":2213,"text":1091},{"id":1148,"depth":2213,"text":1149},{"id":1155,"depth":2206,"text":1156,"children":2231},[2232,2233,2234],{"id":1162,"depth":2213,"text":1163},{"id":1174,"depth":2213,"text":1175},{"id":1183,"depth":2213,"text":1184},{"id":1221,"depth":2206,"text":1222,"children":2236},[2237,2238,2239,2240,2241,2242],{"id":1228,"depth":2213,"text":1229},{"id":1349,"depth":2213,"text":1350},{"id":1466,"depth":2213,"text":1467},{"id":1583,"depth":2213,"text":1584},{"id":1699,"depth":2213,"text":1700},{"id":1815,"depth":2213,"text":1816},{"id":1970,"depth":2206,"text":1971},{"id":2070,"depth":2206,"text":2071},{"id":2125,"depth":2206,"text":2126},{"id":2153,"depth":2206,"text":2154},"A1-C1","French verb conjugation rules covering all three verb groups (-er, -ir, -re), every common tense (present, passe compose, imparfait, futur, conditionnel, subjonctif), and the major irregular verbs.","md","French verb conjugation is more irregular than Spanish and has more tense-aspect distinctions to navigate. This page covers the three verb groups, every common tense, the subjunctive mood, the most important irregular verbs, and how to actually internalise conjugation as a learner. Intended as the structural reference learners come back to repeatedly.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconjugation",{"title":34,"description":2248},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconjugation","b3wap0ttoXwdv6hJfuWHAypv2i12UiXv835nDLK5GRM",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2260},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2262},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2264},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2266},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2268},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2270},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2272},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":2274,"hidden":2253},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781519463112]