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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":653,"date":35,"description":654,"extension":655,"faqs":656,"gcseTier":663,"intro":664,"language":665,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":666,"navigation":667,"path":668,"seo":669,"stem":670,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":671},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs.md","French Impersonal Verbs: il y a, il faut, il fait and the Dummy Subject 'il'",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":641},"minimark",[39,44,56,61,64,92,99,102,179,190,205,209,216,219,245,248,268,271,273,337,341,348,386,393,413,419,439,450,454,461,487,493,497,500,514,517,521,565,569,612,616],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"french-impersonal-verbs","French Impersonal Verbs",[45,46,47,48,52,53,55],"p",{},"Impersonal verbs in French are ones where the subject ",[49,50,51],"strong",{},"il"," has no real referent. There is no \"he\" or \"it\" doing anything. The ",[49,54,51],{}," is a grammatical placeholder, the same way English uses \"there\" or \"it\" in \"there is a cat\" or \"it's raining\".",[57,58,60],"h2",{"id":59},"il-y-a-there-is-there-are","il y a: there is \u002F there are",[45,62,63],{},"The all-purpose existence marker. Same form for singular and plural.",[65,66,67,74,80,86],"ul",{},[68,69,70,73],"li",{},[49,71,72],{},"Il y a un chat dans le jardin."," (There's a cat in the garden.)",[68,75,76,79],{},[49,77,78],{},"Il y a trois enfants."," (There are three children.)",[68,81,82,85],{},[49,83,84],{},"Il y a un probleme."," (There's a problem.)",[68,87,88,91],{},[49,89,90],{},"Il y a beaucoup de monde."," (There are a lot of people.)",[45,93,94,95,98],{},"The structure parses as ",[49,96,97],{},"il y a"," = \"it there has\", but the English equivalent is just \"there is \u002F are\".",[45,100,101],{},"Tense forms:",[103,104,105,121],"table",{},[106,107,108],"thead",{},[109,110,111,115,118],"tr",{},[112,113,114],"th",{},"Tense",[112,116,117],{},"Form",[112,119,120],{},"Meaning",[122,123,124,135,146,157,168],"tbody",{},[109,125,126,130,132],{},[127,128,129],"td",{},"Present",[127,131,97],{},[127,133,134],{},"there is \u002F are",[109,136,137,140,143],{},[127,138,139],{},"Imparfait",[127,141,142],{},"il y avait",[127,144,145],{},"there was \u002F were",[109,147,148,151,154],{},[127,149,150],{},"Passe compose",[127,152,153],{},"il y a eu",[127,155,156],{},"there has \u002F had been",[109,158,159,162,165],{},[127,160,161],{},"Futur",[127,163,164],{},"il y aura",[127,166,167],{},"there will be",[109,169,170,173,176],{},[127,171,172],{},"Conditionnel",[127,174,175],{},"il y aurait",[127,177,178],{},"there would be",[45,180,181,182,185,186,189],{},"Negation: ",[49,183,184],{},"il n'y a pas",". ",[49,187,188],{},"Il n'y a pas de pain"," (there's no bread). The article-becomes-de rule applies here as everywhere.",[45,191,192,193,196,197,200,201,204],{},"Question: ",[49,194,195],{},"Y a-t-il un probleme?"," (Is there a problem?) - formal, with inversion. Or ",[49,198,199],{},"Est-ce qu'il y a un probleme?"," - neutral. Or ",[49,202,203],{},"Il y a un probleme?"," - casual.",[57,206,208],{"id":207},"il-faut-one-must-its-necessary","il faut: one must \u002F it's necessary",[45,210,211,212,215],{},"Expresses necessity. Followed by a noun, an infinitive, or ",[49,213,214],{},"que + subjunctive"," (Higher-tier).",[45,217,218],{},"With an infinitive:",[65,220,221,227,233,239],{},[68,222,223,226],{},[49,224,225],{},"Il faut partir."," (We have to leave \u002F one must leave.)",[68,228,229,232],{},[49,230,231],{},"Il faut manger."," (One must eat.)",[68,234,235,238],{},[49,236,237],{},"Il faut etre patient."," (You have to be patient.)",[68,240,241,244],{},[49,242,243],{},"Il ne faut pas oublier."," (You mustn't forget.)",[45,246,247],{},"With a noun (a need for something):",[65,249,250,256,262],{},[68,251,252,255],{},[49,253,254],{},"Il faut du pain."," (Bread is needed.)",[68,257,258,261],{},[49,259,260],{},"Il faut du temps."," (Time is needed.)",[68,263,264,267],{},[49,265,266],{},"Il me faut un stylo."," (I need a pen. - me adds the person)",[45,269,270],{},"The construction is impersonal - the il refers to nothing. The subject of the infinitive is implied by context.",[45,272,101],{},[103,274,275,285],{},[106,276,277],{},[109,278,279,281,283],{},[112,280,114],{},[112,282,117],{},[112,284,120],{},[122,286,287,297,307,317,327],{},[109,288,289,291,294],{},[127,290,129],{},[127,292,293],{},"il faut",[127,295,296],{},"one must",[109,298,299,301,304],{},[127,300,139],{},[127,302,303],{},"il fallait",[127,305,306],{},"one had to \u002F it was necessary",[109,308,309,311,314],{},[127,310,150],{},[127,312,313],{},"il a fallu",[127,315,316],{},"one had to",[109,318,319,321,324],{},[127,320,161],{},[127,322,323],{},"il faudra",[127,325,326],{},"one will have to",[109,328,329,331,334],{},[127,330,172],{},[127,332,333],{},"il faudrait",[127,335,336],{},"one should \u002F would have to",[57,338,340],{"id":339},"il-fait-weather","il fait + weather",[45,342,343,344,347],{},"The default construction for weather. ",[49,345,346],{},"Il fait"," + adjective covers most of it.",[65,349,350,356,362,368,374,380],{},[68,351,352,355],{},[49,353,354],{},"Il fait beau."," (The weather is nice.)",[68,357,358,361],{},[49,359,360],{},"Il fait chaud."," (It's hot.)",[68,363,364,367],{},[49,365,366],{},"Il fait froid."," (It's cold.)",[68,369,370,373],{},[49,371,372],{},"Il fait mauvais."," (The weather is bad.)",[68,375,376,379],{},[49,377,378],{},"Il fait jour."," (It's daylight.)",[68,381,382,385],{},[49,383,384],{},"Il fait nuit."," (It's nighttime.)",[45,387,388,389,392],{},"For weather as a verb (the active phenomenon), French uses ",[49,390,391],{},"il + weather verb",":",[65,394,395,401,407],{},[68,396,397,400],{},[49,398,399],{},"Il pleut."," (It's raining.)",[68,402,403,406],{},[49,404,405],{},"Il neige."," (It's snowing.)",[68,408,409,412],{},[49,410,411],{},"Il gele."," (It's freezing.)",[45,414,415,416,392],{},"Or ",[49,417,418],{},"il y a + noun",[65,420,421,427,433],{},[68,422,423,426],{},[49,424,425],{},"Il y a du soleil."," (It's sunny.)",[68,428,429,432],{},[49,430,431],{},"Il y a du vent."," (It's windy.)",[68,434,435,438],{},[49,436,437],{},"Il y a du brouillard."," (It's foggy.)",[45,440,441,442,445,446,449],{},"All three patterns coexist. Foundation tier wants you confident with ",[49,443,444],{},"il fait + adj"," and ",[49,447,448],{},"il pleut \u002F il neige"," at a minimum.",[57,451,453],{"id":452},"il-est-time","il est + time",[45,455,456,457,460],{},"Time-telling uses ",[49,458,459],{},"il est"," (not il y a, not il fait).",[65,462,463,469,475,481],{},[68,464,465,468],{},[49,466,467],{},"Il est trois heures."," (It's three o'clock.)",[68,470,471,474],{},[49,472,473],{},"Il est midi."," (It's noon.)",[68,476,477,480],{},[49,478,479],{},"Il est minuit et demi."," (It's half past midnight.)",[68,482,483,486],{},[49,484,485],{},"Quelle heure est-il?"," (What time is it?)",[45,488,489,490,492],{},"The same ",[49,491,459],{}," is used in some Higher-tier impersonal constructions (il est difficile de..., il est interdit de...), but for Foundation tier it's mostly the time-telling verb.",[57,494,496],{"id":495},"il-manque-il-reste-briefly","il manque, il reste (briefly)",[45,498,499],{},"Two more impersonal verbs worth recognising:",[65,501,502,508],{},[68,503,504,507],{},[49,505,506],{},"Il manque trois personnes."," (Three people are missing.)",[68,509,510,513],{},[49,511,512],{},"Il reste deux gateaux."," (There are two cakes left.)",[45,515,516],{},"The il is grammatical; the real subject (the missing people, the remaining cakes) comes after the verb. These are Higher-tier on the AQA list but show up at Foundation level in passive listening.",[57,518,520],{"id":519},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[65,522,523,529,535,541,547,553,559],{},[68,524,525,528],{},[49,526,527],{},"Il y a beaucoup de monde au marche ce matin."," (There are a lot of people at the market this morning.)",[68,530,531,534],{},[49,532,533],{},"Hier, il y avait un concert dans le parc."," (Yesterday there was a concert in the park.)",[68,536,537,540],{},[49,538,539],{},"Il faut partir maintenant si on veut arriver a l'heure."," (We have to leave now if we want to arrive on time.)",[68,542,543,546],{},[49,544,545],{},"Il ne faut pas oublier ton passeport."," (You mustn't forget your passport.)",[68,548,549,552],{},[49,550,551],{},"Il fait beau, mais il y a du vent."," (The weather is nice, but it's windy.)",[68,554,555,558],{},[49,556,557],{},"Hier, il a plu toute la journee."," (Yesterday it rained all day.)",[68,560,561,564],{},[49,562,563],{},"Il est cinq heures et demie."," (It's half past five.)",[57,566,568],{"id":567},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,570,571,572,574,575,578,579,581,582,584,585,587,588,591,592,595,596,599,600,603,604,607,608,611],{},"Using ",[49,573,97],{}," for time and ",[49,576,577],{},"il fait"," for existence: time wants ",[49,580,459],{},", existence wants ",[49,583,97],{},", weather wants ",[49,586,577],{}," or ",[49,589,590],{},"il pleut",". They're not interchangeable. Forgetting the article-becomes-de rule under negation: ",[49,593,594],{},"il n'y a pas du pain"," is wrong, it's ",[49,597,598],{},"il n'y a pas de pain",". And translating \"I have to\" with ",[49,601,602],{},"j'ai a"," - the French construction is ",[49,605,606],{},"il faut que je..."," or just ",[49,609,610],{},"je dois..."," (with devoir).",[57,613,615],{"id":614},"see-also","See also",[65,617,618,627,634],{},[68,619,620,621,626],{},"The ",[622,623,625],"a",{"href":624},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpartitives-and-de","partitives and de page"," covers the de rule that applies under negation in il n'y a pas de...",[68,628,620,629,633],{},[622,630,632],{"href":631},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcheatsheet","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the wider A1-B1 foundation.",[68,635,620,636,640],{},[622,637,639],{"href":638},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate French grammar"," page covers il faut + que + subjunctive and the other impersonal constructions (il est difficile de, il vaut mieux que).",{"title":642,"searchDepth":643,"depth":643,"links":644},"",2,[645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652],{"id":59,"depth":643,"text":60},{"id":207,"depth":643,"text":208},{"id":339,"depth":643,"text":340},{"id":452,"depth":643,"text":453},{"id":495,"depth":643,"text":496},{"id":519,"depth":643,"text":520},{"id":567,"depth":643,"text":568},{"id":614,"depth":643,"text":615},"A1-A2","French impersonal verbs - constructions where 'il' has no real referent. il y a (there is), il faut (one must), il fait + weather, il est + time. The patterns and their tense forms.","md",[657,660],{"q":658,"a":659},"What is the difference between il y a and il est in French?","Both translate as 'there is' in some contexts, but they cover different ground. Il y a (literally 'it there has') is the all-purpose 'there is \u002F there are' for existence - 'il y a un chat dans le jardin' (there's a cat in the garden), 'il y a trois enfants' (there are three children). Il est is used only for telling time - 'il est trois heures' (it's three o'clock) - and in higher-tier constructions like 'il est difficile de...' (it's difficult to...). For everyday 'there is \u002F are', il y a is what you want.",{"q":661,"a":662},"How does il faut work in French?","Il faut is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is necessary' or 'one must'. It can be followed by a noun ('il faut du pain' = bread is needed) or by an infinitive ('il faut partir' = one must leave \u002F we have to leave). The il has no real referent - it's grammatical only. There's no English equivalent that's both as compact and as universal; closest is 'gotta' or 'need to'. Past form: il fallait (it was necessary). Future: il faudra (it will be necessary). Conditional: il faudrait (it would be necessary \u002F one should).","foundation","French uses 'il' as a dummy subject in a small set of fixed constructions where English uses 'there', 'one', or 'it'. There is no real subject - the il is grammatical only. This page covers the four impersonal verbs you'll use most: il y a (there is \u002F are), il faut (one must \u002F it's necessary), il fait + weather, and il est for time. Each has present, past, and future forms worth knowing.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs",{"title":34,"description":654},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs","2eyhAeNkmHYErhdoIl-eRHTWKA25dHGVFz1yscvr3x0",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":674},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":676},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":678},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":680},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":682},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":684},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":686},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":688,"hidden":667},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]