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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":870,"date":871,"description":872,"extension":873,"faqs":35,"intro":35,"language":874,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":875,"navigation":876,"path":877,"seo":878,"stem":879,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":880},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate.md","French Intermediate Grammar (B1-B2): The Things That Stop You at the Plateau",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":838},"minimark",[39,44,59,67,72,75,80,86,99,106,110,115,126,129,133,139,147,150,154,161,169,173,180,196,202,206,209,219,230,240,251,258,262,269,273,280,283,321,324,338,342,349,357,361,368,372,375,379,384,388,396,400,403,411,414,418,428,439,443,449,515,521,525,528,547,561,565,572,587,598,604,609,613,717,727,731,734,788,791,794,798,830],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"french-intermediate-grammar-b1-b2","French Intermediate Grammar (B1-B2)",[45,46,47,48,53,54,58],"p",{},"This page picks up where the ",[49,50,52],"a",{"href":51},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar","French grammar cheatsheet"," (A1-B1) leaves off. At B1-B2 the question changes from \"do I know the form\" to \"do I deploy the right form fast enough to keep the conversation going.\" The biggest single jump from A2 to B2 in French is in ",[55,56,57],"strong",{},"past-tense fluency, the subjunctive, and the agreement rules"," that French schoolchildren get drilled on for years.",[45,60,61,62,66],{},"What \"B1-B2\" means in practice (see the ",[49,63,65],{"href":64},"\u002Fresources\u002Fcefr-explained","CEFR explainer"," for the full breakdown): you can hold the conversation on a bus, deal with most adult situations, get the gist of the news, write a coherent email, follow a film with subtitles in French. Your remaining errors are tense choice and agreement. This page is the structure to clear them.",[68,69,71],"h2",{"id":70},"the-full-past-tense-system","The full past-tense system",[45,73,74],{},"By B2 you should deploy four past tenses without hesitation.",[76,77,79],"h3",{"id":78},"passe-compose","Passe compose",[45,81,82,85],{},[55,83,84],{},"Closed, completed actions in the past."," The standard spoken past tense.",[87,88,89,93,96],"ul",{},[90,91,92],"li",{},"Hier, je suis alle au cinema. (Yesterday I went to the cinema.)",[90,94,95],{},"J'ai mange une pizza. (I ate a pizza.)",[90,97,98],{},"Il est ne en 1990. (He was born in 1990.)",[45,100,101,102,105],{},"The passe compose is the ",[55,103,104],{},"default narrative tense"," for sequences of events in modern spoken and most written French. It uses an auxiliary (etre or avoir) plus the past participle.",[76,107,109],{"id":108},"imparfait","Imparfait",[45,111,112],{},[55,113,114],{},"Ongoing background, repeated past habits, descriptions of states.",[87,116,117,120,123],{},[90,118,119],{},"Quand j'etais petit, je jouais au football. (When I was little, I used to play football.) - habit.",[90,121,122],{},"Il faisait nuit et il pleuvait. (It was night and it was raining.) - description.",[90,124,125],{},"J'etais fatigue. (I was tired.) - state.",[45,127,128],{},"The imparfait sets the scene; the passe compose advances the action. A native French narration mixes them constantly: \"Je regardais la tele (imparfait) quand le telephone a sonne (passe compose)\" - I was watching TV when the phone rang.",[76,130,132],{"id":131},"plus-que-parfait","Plus-que-parfait",[45,134,135,138],{},[55,136,137],{},"The past of the past."," Action that happened before another past action.",[87,140,141,144],{},[90,142,143],{},"Quand je suis arrive, ils avaient deja mange. (When I arrived, they had already eaten.)",[90,145,146],{},"Il m'a dit qu'il avait vu le film. (He told me he had seen the film.)",[45,148,149],{},"Formed with the imparfait of the auxiliary (avait, etais) + past participle. Tracks closely with the English pluperfect.",[76,151,153],{"id":152},"passe-simple-literary","Passe simple (literary)",[45,155,156,157,160],{},"A literary tense used in narrative prose, history writing, and journalism. ",[55,158,159],{},"Almost never used in speech",". C1+ reading territory; recognise it in writing, do not produce it in conversation.",[87,162,163,166],{},[90,164,165],{},"Il alla a Paris. (He went to Paris.) - passe simple, literary equivalent of \"il est alle a Paris.\"",[90,167,168],{},"Elle fut surprise. (She was surprised.)",[68,170,172],{"id":171},"auxiliary-choice-in-detail","Auxiliary choice, in detail",[45,174,175,176,179],{},"The ",[55,177,178],{},"etre auxiliary"," is required for:",[181,182,183,190],"ol",{},[90,184,185,186,189],{},"The classic intransitive movement and state-change verbs (the ",[55,187,188],{},"DR MRS VANDERTRAMPP"," mnemonic): devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naitre, descendre, entrer, retourner, tomber, rentrer, arriver, mourir, partir, passer.",[90,191,192,195],{},[55,193,194],{},"All reflexive verbs",": se laver, se reveiller, se promener, se souvenir.",[45,197,175,198,201],{},[55,199,200],{},"avoir auxiliary"," is required for almost everything else.",[76,203,205],{"id":204},"past-participle-agreement","Past participle agreement",[45,207,208],{},"The rules differ based on auxiliary.",[45,210,211,214,215,218],{},[55,212,213],{},"With etre",": past participle agrees with the ",[55,216,217],{},"subject"," in gender and number.",[87,220,221,224,227],{},[90,222,223],{},"Elle est allee. (She went.)",[90,225,226],{},"Ils sont arrives. (They arrived.)",[90,228,229],{},"Nous nous sommes leves. (We got up.) - reflexive.",[45,231,232,235,236,239],{},[55,233,234],{},"With avoir",": past participle is normally invariable, ",[55,237,238],{},"except"," when a direct object precedes the verb. Then it agrees with that preceding direct object.",[87,241,242,245,248],{},[90,243,244],{},"J'ai vu Marie. (I saw Marie.) - DO follows verb, no agreement.",[90,246,247],{},"La Marie que j'ai vue. (The Marie who I saw.) - DO (\"que\" referring to Marie) precedes, agreement.",[90,249,250],{},"Je l'ai vue. (I saw her.) - DO pronoun precedes, agreement.",[45,252,253,254,257],{},"This rule (the ",[55,255,256],{},"COD agreement",") is what French schoolchildren get drilled on for a decade. Native speakers regularly get it wrong in writing. As a learner, getting it right marks you as someone who has actually studied the language carefully.",[68,259,261],{"id":260},"the-subjunctive-in-full","The subjunctive, in full",[45,263,264,265,268],{},"French uses the subjunctive less than Spanish but more than English. Triggers cluster around ",[55,266,267],{},"necessity, doubt, emotion, will, possibility, and specific conjunctions",".",[76,270,272],{"id":271},"present-subjunctive","Present subjunctive",[45,274,275,276,279],{},"Formation rule: take the ",[55,277,278],{},"third-person plural present indicative"," stem and add subjunctive endings. (ils parlent -> que je parle.) Exceptions: etre, avoir, aller, faire, savoir, vouloir, pouvoir, falloir have irregular subjunctive stems.",[45,281,282],{},"Triggers to memorise:",[87,284,285,291,297,303,309,315],{},[90,286,287,290],{},[55,288,289],{},"Necessity",": il faut que, il est necessaire que, il est important que.",[90,292,293,296],{},[55,294,295],{},"Will",": vouloir que, exiger que, ordonner que, demander que (in some senses).",[90,298,299,302],{},[55,300,301],{},"Emotion",": etre content que, regretter que, avoir peur que, etre surpris que.",[90,304,305,308],{},[55,306,307],{},"Doubt",": douter que, ne pas penser que, ne pas croire que.",[90,310,311,314],{},[55,312,313],{},"Possibility",": il est possible que, il se peut que.",[90,316,317,320],{},[55,318,319],{},"Conjunctions",": avant que, jusqu'a ce que, pour que, afin que, bien que, quoique, sans que, a moins que, pourvu que, a condition que.",[45,322,323],{},"Examples:",[87,325,326,329,332,335],{},[90,327,328],{},"Il faut que je parte. (I have to leave.)",[90,330,331],{},"Je veux que tu viennes. (I want you to come.)",[90,333,334],{},"Bien qu'il pleuve, je sortirai. (Although it is raining, I will go out.)",[90,336,337],{},"Avant que tu partes, dis-moi au revoir. (Before you leave, say goodbye.)",[76,339,341],{"id":340},"passe-du-subjonctif","Passe du subjonctif",[45,343,344,345,348],{},"Used when the subjunctive trigger refers to a ",[55,346,347],{},"completed action",". Formed with the present subjunctive of avoir or etre + past participle.",[87,350,351,354],{},[90,352,353],{},"Je suis content que tu sois venu. (I am glad you have come.)",[90,355,356],{},"Bien qu'il ait pleu, nous sommes sortis. (Although it has rained, we went out.)",[76,358,360],{"id":359},"imparfait-du-subjonctif-and-plus-que-parfait-du-subjonctif","Imparfait du subjonctif and plus-que-parfait du subjonctif",[45,362,363,364,367],{},"These exist but are ",[55,365,366],{},"strictly literary",". In modern French, the present subjunctive serves both the present and the past time references that classical French would split. Recognise these forms in older texts; do not produce them in conversation or modern writing.",[68,369,371],{"id":370},"the-conditional-in-full","The conditional, in full",[45,373,374],{},"The conditional has three main uses:",[76,376,378],{"id":377},"hypothetical","Hypothetical",[87,380,381],{},[90,382,383],{},"Si j'avais le temps, je viendrais. (If I had time, I would come.)",[76,385,387],{"id":386},"politeness","Politeness",[87,389,390,393],{},[90,391,392],{},"Je voudrais un cafe. (I would like a coffee.) - much more polite than \"je veux.\"",[90,394,395],{},"Pourriez-vous m'aider ? (Could you help me?) - polite request.",[76,397,399],{"id":398},"reported-information","Reported information",[45,401,402],{},"The conditional is the standard \"journalistic\" tense in French for reporting information that the journalist cannot verify:",[87,404,405,408],{},[90,406,407],{},"Le president aurait demissionne. (The president has allegedly resigned.)",[90,409,410],{},"Selon des sources, il y aurait eu vingt morts. (According to sources, there were apparently twenty dead.)",[45,412,413],{},"This use is much more frequent in French journalism than the English \"alleged\" or \"reportedly\" equivalents. C1 readers of French news need to recognise it.",[76,415,417],{"id":416},"conditionnel-passe","Conditionnel passe",[45,419,420,421,424,425,268],{},"Used for ",[55,422,423],{},"unrealised past possibilities"," and ",[55,426,427],{},"regret",[87,429,430,433,436],{},[90,431,432],{},"Si j'avais su, je serais venu. (If I had known, I would have come.)",[90,434,435],{},"J'aurais du etudier plus. (I should have studied more.)",[90,437,438],{},"Tu aurais pu me prevenir. (You could have warned me.)",[68,440,442],{"id":441},"si-conditional-structures","Si conditional structures",[45,444,445,446,268],{},"Four constructures by tense pair (memorise the chart). The trap: ",[55,447,448],{},"never use the conditional in the \"si\" clause itself",[450,451,452,468],"table",{},[453,454,455],"thead",{},[456,457,458,462,465],"tr",{},[459,460,461],"th",{},"Si clause",[459,463,464],{},"Main clause",[459,466,467],{},"Meaning",[469,470,471,483,494,505],"tbody",{},[456,472,473,477,480],{},[474,475,476],"td",{},"Si + present",[474,478,479],{},"Present \u002F future \u002F imperative",[474,481,482],{},"Si tu veux, on peut sortir.",[456,484,485,488,491],{},[474,486,487],{},"Si + imparfait",[474,489,490],{},"Conditional",[474,492,493],{},"Si j'avais le temps, je viendrais.",[456,495,496,499,502],{},[474,497,498],{},"Si + plus-que-parfait",[474,500,501],{},"Conditional perfect",[474,503,504],{},"Si j'avais su, je serais venu.",[456,506,507,509,512],{},[474,508,476],{},[474,510,511],{},"Present",[474,513,514],{},"Si l'eau bout, ajoute le sel. (general truth)",[45,516,517,518,268],{},"The rule: ",[55,519,520],{},"the further from reality, the further back the si-clause tense",[68,522,524],{"id":523},"object-pronoun-order-in-full","Object pronoun order, in full",[45,526,527],{},"When multiple object pronouns appear together, the order is fixed:",[45,529,530,534,535,534,538,534,541,534,544],{},[531,532,533],"code",{},"me \u002F te \u002F nous \u002F vous"," -> ",[531,536,537],{},"le \u002F la \u002F les",[531,539,540],{},"lui \u002F leur",[531,542,543],{},"y",[531,545,546],{},"en",[87,548,549,552,555,558],{},[90,550,551],{},"Je te le donne. (I give it to you.)",[90,553,554],{},"Il le lui a dit. (He told it to him.)",[90,556,557],{},"Donne-le-moi. (Give it to me.) - imperative reverses the order, see below.",[90,559,560],{},"J'y en ai mis. (I put some there.)",[76,562,564],{"id":563},"imperative-pronoun-order","Imperative pronoun order",[45,566,567,568,571],{},"In the ",[55,569,570],{},"affirmative imperative",", object pronouns follow the verb with hyphens, and the order changes:",[45,573,574,534,577,534,580,534,583,534,585],{},[531,575,576],{},"Verb",[531,578,579],{},"direct object",[531,581,582],{},"indirect object",[531,584,543],{},[531,586,546],{},[87,588,589,592,595],{},[90,590,591],{},"Donne-le-moi. (Give it to me.) - \"me\" becomes \"moi\" after the verb.",[90,593,594],{},"Parle-lui. (Speak to him.)",[90,596,597],{},"Allons-y. (Let's go.)",[45,599,567,600,603],{},[55,601,602],{},"negative imperative",", the pronouns return to their normal pre-verb position.",[87,605,606],{},[90,607,608],{},"Ne me le donne pas. (Do not give it to me.)",[68,610,612],{"id":611},"relative-pronouns-in-full","Relative pronouns, in full",[450,614,615,628],{},[453,616,617],{},[456,618,619,622,625],{},[459,620,621],{},"Pronoun",[459,623,624],{},"Function",[459,626,627],{},"Example",[469,629,630,641,651,662,673,684,695,706],{},[456,631,632,635,638],{},[474,633,634],{},"qui",[474,636,637],{},"subject of relative clause",[474,639,640],{},"L'homme qui parle. (The man who is speaking.)",[456,642,643,646,648],{},[474,644,645],{},"que",[474,647,579],{},[474,649,650],{},"Le livre que je lis. (The book I am reading.)",[456,652,653,656,659],{},[474,654,655],{},"dont",[474,657,658],{},"\"of which \u002F whose\"",[474,660,661],{},"Le livre dont je parle. (The book of which I am speaking.)",[456,663,664,667,670],{},[474,665,666],{},"ou",[474,668,669],{},"\"where \u002F when\"",[474,671,672],{},"La ville ou je vis. (The city where I live.)",[456,674,675,678,681],{},[474,676,677],{},"lequel \u002F laquelle \u002F lesquels \u002F lesquelles",[474,679,680],{},"\"which\" (after preposition)",[474,682,683],{},"La chaise sur laquelle je suis assis. (The chair on which I am sitting.)",[456,685,686,689,692],{},[474,687,688],{},"ce qui",[474,690,691],{},"\"what\" (subject)",[474,693,694],{},"Je ne sais pas ce qui se passe. (I do not know what is happening.)",[456,696,697,700,703],{},[474,698,699],{},"ce que",[474,701,702],{},"\"what\" (object)",[474,704,705],{},"Dis-moi ce que tu veux. (Tell me what you want.)",[456,707,708,711,714],{},[474,709,710],{},"ce dont",[474,712,713],{},"\"what\" (with \"de\")",[474,715,716],{},"Voici ce dont j'ai besoin. (Here is what I need.)",[45,718,719,720,723,724,726],{},"The trap: ",[55,721,722],{},"English drops relative pronouns frequently; French does not",". \"The book I read\" must be \"le livre ",[55,725,645],{}," j'ai lu\" in French. Dropping the que is ungrammatical.",[68,728,730],{"id":729},"reported-speech-discours-indirect","Reported speech (discours indirect)",[45,732,733],{},"Tenses shift back when reporting what someone said in the past.",[450,735,736,746],{},[453,737,738],{},[456,739,740,743],{},[459,741,742],{},"Direct speech",[459,744,745],{},"Indirect speech",[469,747,748,756,764,772,780],{},[456,749,750,753],{},[474,751,752],{},"J'ai faim.",[474,754,755],{},"Il a dit qu'il avait faim.",[456,757,758,761],{},[474,759,760],{},"Je vais sortir.",[474,762,763],{},"Il a dit qu'il allait sortir.",[456,765,766,769],{},[474,767,768],{},"J'ai vu le film.",[474,770,771],{},"Il a dit qu'il avait vu le film.",[456,773,774,777],{},[474,775,776],{},"Je viendrai demain.",[474,778,779],{},"Il a dit qu'il viendrait le lendemain.",[456,781,782,785],{},[474,783,784],{},"Je suis venu hier.",[474,786,787],{},"Il a dit qu'il etait venu la veille.",[45,789,790],{},"Time and place markers also shift: aujourd'hui -> ce jour-la, demain -> le lendemain, hier -> la veille, ici -> la, ce -> ce... la.",[45,792,793],{},"Mood preservation: if the original used subjunctive, the reported version keeps the subjunctive.",[68,795,797],{"id":796},"what-to-drill-at-b1-b2","What to drill at B1-B2",[181,799,800,806,812,818,824],{},[90,801,802,805],{},[55,803,804],{},"Passe compose vs imparfait"," until you no longer think about which one to use in real-time narration.",[90,807,808,811],{},[55,809,810],{},"Auxiliary choice and past participle agreement",", especially the COD agreement rule with avoir.",[90,813,814,817],{},[55,815,816],{},"The subjunctive triggers"," and the subjunctive in conditional structures (si + imparfait + conditional).",[90,819,820,823],{},[55,821,822],{},"Object pronoun order"," in declarative and imperative forms.",[90,825,826,829],{},[55,827,828],{},"Relative pronouns"," including dont, lequel, and the ce qui \u002F ce que \u002F ce dont set.",[45,831,832,833,837],{},"Once these five are solid, you are at the threshold of C1. The next page, ",[49,834,836],{"href":835},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadvanced","advanced French grammar",", picks up there.",{"title":839,"searchDepth":840,"depth":840,"links":841},"",2,[842,849,852,857,863,864,867,868,869],{"id":70,"depth":840,"text":71,"children":843},[844,846,847,848],{"id":78,"depth":845,"text":79},3,{"id":108,"depth":845,"text":109},{"id":131,"depth":845,"text":132},{"id":152,"depth":845,"text":153},{"id":171,"depth":840,"text":172,"children":850},[851],{"id":204,"depth":845,"text":205},{"id":260,"depth":840,"text":261,"children":853},[854,855,856],{"id":271,"depth":845,"text":272},{"id":340,"depth":845,"text":341},{"id":359,"depth":845,"text":360},{"id":370,"depth":840,"text":371,"children":858},[859,860,861,862],{"id":377,"depth":845,"text":378},{"id":386,"depth":845,"text":387},{"id":398,"depth":845,"text":399},{"id":416,"depth":845,"text":417},{"id":441,"depth":840,"text":442},{"id":523,"depth":840,"text":524,"children":865},[866],{"id":563,"depth":845,"text":564},{"id":611,"depth":840,"text":612},{"id":729,"depth":840,"text":730},{"id":796,"depth":840,"text":797},"B1-B2","2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00","French grammar at B1-B2 - 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