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It marks an unspecified amount of something uncountable - food, drink, abstract qualities - and French requires it where English drops it.",[49,50,52],"h2",{"id":51},"the-four-partitive-forms","The four partitive forms",[54,55,56,72],"table",{},[57,58,59],"thead",{},[60,61,62,66,69],"tr",{},[63,64,65],"th",{},"Form",[63,67,68],{},"Used before",[63,70,71],{},"Example",[73,74,75,87,98,109],"tbody",{},[60,76,77,81,84],{},[78,79,80],"td",{},"du",[78,82,83],{},"masculine noun, consonant",[78,85,86],{},"du pain",[60,88,89,92,95],{},[78,90,91],{},"de la",[78,93,94],{},"feminine noun, consonant",[78,96,97],{},"de la viande",[60,99,100,103,106],{},[78,101,102],{},"de l'",[78,104,105],{},"any gender, vowel or silent h",[78,107,108],{},"de l'eau",[60,110,111,114,117],{},[78,112,113],{},"des",[78,115,116],{},"plural, any gender",[78,118,119],{},"des frites",[45,121,122,123,127,128,131,132,135],{},"The same noun in different contexts gets different articles. ",[124,125,126],"strong",{},"Le pain"," (the bread) points to a specific loaf. ",[124,129,130],{},"Du pain"," (some bread) names an unspecified quantity. ",[124,133,134],{},"Un pain"," (a whole loaf) is one specific unit.",[49,137,139],{"id":138},"when-to-use-the-partitive","When to use the partitive",[45,141,142],{},"Any time you're talking about an unspecified amount of an uncountable thing.",[144,145,146,153,159,165,171],"ul",{},[147,148,149,152],"li",{},[124,150,151],{},"Je mange du pain."," (I eat \u002F I am eating bread.)",[147,154,155,158],{},[124,156,157],{},"Elle boit du cafe."," (She drinks coffee.)",[147,160,161,164],{},[124,162,163],{},"Il faut de la patience."," (You need patience.)",[147,166,167,170],{},[124,168,169],{},"Tu veux de l'eau?"," (Do you want some water?)",[147,172,173,176],{},[124,174,175],{},"Nous avons des amis a Paris."," (We have friends in Paris.)",[45,178,179,180,183],{},"Skipping the article - ",[124,181,182],{},"je mange pain"," - is always wrong. French requires either a definite article (le pain), an indefinite (un pain), or a partitive (du pain).",[49,185,187],{"id":186},"the-negation-rule-every-article-becomes-de","The negation rule: every article becomes 'de'",[45,189,190,191,194,195,198],{},"After a negative verb, indefinite and partitive articles collapse to plain ",[124,192,193],{},"de"," (or ",[124,196,197],{},"d'"," before a vowel). This is mandatory.",[54,200,201,211],{},[57,202,203],{},[60,204,205,208],{},[63,206,207],{},"Affirmative",[63,209,210],{},"Negative",[73,212,213,221,228,236],{},[60,214,215,218],{},[78,216,217],{},"J'ai un chien.",[78,219,220],{},"Je n'ai pas de chien.",[60,222,223,225],{},[78,224,151],{},[78,226,227],{},"Je ne mange pas de pain.",[60,229,230,233],{},[78,231,232],{},"Elle a des amis.",[78,234,235],{},"Elle n'a pas d'amis.",[60,237,238,241],{},[78,239,240],{},"Nous buvons de l'eau.",[78,242,243],{},"Nous ne buvons pas d'eau.",[45,245,246,247,250],{},"The definite article (",[124,248,249],{},"le, la, les",") does not change. It still points to a specific thing:",[144,252,253],{},[147,254,255,258,259],{},[124,256,257],{},"Je vois le chien."," -> ",[124,260,261],{},"Je ne vois pas le chien.",[49,263,265],{"id":264},"the-quantity-rule-every-article-becomes-de","The quantity rule: every article becomes 'de'",[45,267,268,269,272],{},"The same collapse happens after any expression of quantity. ",[124,270,271],{},"De"," sits alone between the quantity word and the noun; no article in between.",[144,274,275,281,287,293,299,305,311,317],{},[147,276,277,280],{},[124,278,279],{},"beaucoup de pain"," (a lot of bread)",[147,282,283,286],{},[124,284,285],{},"peu de temps"," (little time)",[147,288,289,292],{},[124,290,291],{},"assez d'argent"," (enough money)",[147,294,295,298],{},[124,296,297],{},"trop de travail"," (too much work)",[147,300,301,304],{},[124,302,303],{},"un kilo de pommes"," (a kilo of apples)",[147,306,307,310],{},[124,308,309],{},"un verre d'eau"," (a glass of water)",[147,312,313,316],{},[124,314,315],{},"une bouteille de vin"," (a bottle of wine)",[147,318,319,322],{},[124,320,321],{},"un peu de patience"," (a little patience)",[45,324,325,326,329],{},"This is one of the cleanest rules in French: anywhere you'd say \"of X\" as a quantity, you say ",[124,327,328],{},"de X"," with no article.",[45,331,332,333,336,337,340,341,344],{},"The exception is ",[124,334,335],{},"la plupart"," (most), which keeps the article: ",[124,338,339],{},"la plupart des etudiants"," (most of the students), ",[124,342,343],{},"la plupart du temps"," (most of the time). Treat it as the odd one out.",[49,346,348],{"id":347},"d-before-a-vowel","d' before a vowel",[45,350,351,353,354,356],{},[124,352,271],{}," becomes ",[124,355,197],{}," before a vowel or silent h. This applies in both the negation and quantity constructions:",[144,358,359,362,365,368],{},[147,360,361],{},"Je n'ai pas **d'**argent. (I don't have any money.)",[147,363,364],{},"beaucoup **d'**enfants (a lot of children)",[147,366,367],{},"un kilo **d'**oranges (a kilo of oranges)",[147,369,370],{},"pas **d'**eau (no water)",[49,372,374],{"id":373},"partitive-vs-indefinite-plural","Partitive vs indefinite plural",[45,376,377,378,380,381,383],{},"The plural partitive ",[124,379,113],{}," and the plural indefinite ",[124,382,113],{}," look identical, and in most contexts they behave the same way. Don't lose sleep on the distinction.",[144,385,386,392],{},[147,387,388,391],{},[124,389,390],{},"Je mange des frites."," (I'm eating chips - some chips, an unspecified plural.)",[147,393,394,397],{},[124,395,396],{},"J'ai des amis."," (I have friends - some friends, indefinite plural.)",[45,399,400,401,403,404,406],{},"Both behave the same way under negation (-> ",[124,402,193],{},") and quantity (-> ",[124,405,193],{},"). For Foundation tier, treat them as one article.",[49,408,410],{"id":409},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[144,412,413,419,425,431,437,443],{},[147,414,415,418],{},[124,416,417],{},"Je voudrais du cafe et un croissant."," (I'd like some coffee and a croissant.)",[147,420,421,424],{},[124,422,423],{},"Il n'y a pas de pain dans le placard."," (There's no bread in the cupboard.)",[147,426,427,430],{},[124,428,429],{},"Elle boit beaucoup d'eau."," (She drinks a lot of water.)",[147,432,433,436],{},[124,434,435],{},"J'ai achete un kilo de pommes au marche."," (I bought a kilo of apples at the market.)",[147,438,439,442],{},[124,440,441],{},"Nous n'avons pas d'enfants."," (We don't have any children.)",[147,444,445,448],{},[124,446,447],{},"Donne-moi un peu de patience."," (Give me a little patience.)",[49,450,452],{"id":451},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,454,455,456,458,459,462,463,466,467,470,471,466,474,476,477,480,481,484],{},"Dropping the partitive because English drops \"some\": writing ",[124,457,182],{}," instead of ",[124,460,461],{},"je mange du pain",". The article is mandatory. Keeping the article after a negative or quantity word: ",[124,464,465],{},"je n'ai pas du pain"," is wrong, it's ",[124,468,469],{},"je n'ai pas de pain","; ",[124,472,473],{},"beaucoup du pain",[124,475,279],{},". And confusing the negation rule with the definite article - ",[124,478,479],{},"je ne vois pas le chien"," stays ",[124,482,483],{},"le",", because the article points to a specific dog you're not seeing.",[49,486,488],{"id":487},"see-also","See also",[144,490,491,500,507],{},[147,492,493,494,499],{},"The ",[495,496,498],"a",{"href":497},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Farticles","French articles page"," covers the full article system including definite and indefinite.",[147,501,493,502,506],{},[495,503,505],{"href":504},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnegation","negation page"," covers ne... pas and the article-collapse rule from the negation side.",[147,508,493,509,513],{},[495,510,512],{"href":511},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcheatsheet","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the wider A1-B1 foundation.",{"title":515,"searchDepth":516,"depth":516,"links":517},"",2,[518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526],{"id":51,"depth":516,"text":52},{"id":138,"depth":516,"text":139},{"id":186,"depth":516,"text":187},{"id":264,"depth":516,"text":265},{"id":347,"depth":516,"text":348},{"id":373,"depth":516,"text":374},{"id":409,"depth":516,"text":410},{"id":451,"depth":516,"text":452},{"id":487,"depth":516,"text":488},"A1-A2","French partitive articles (du, de la, de l', des), the rule that collapses every article to plain 'de' after a negative or a quantity expression, and the d'-before-vowel elision.","md",[531,534],{"q":532,"a":533},"When do I use du, de la, or des in French?","These are the partitive articles, used for an unspecified amount of an uncountable thing. Use 'du' before a masculine noun (du pain, du vin, du temps), 'de la' before a feminine noun (de la viande, de la patience, de la chance), and 'des' for the plural (des frites, des amis). Before a vowel or silent h, both 'du' and 'de la' collapse to 'de l'' (de l'eau, de l'huile, de l'argent).",{"q":535,"a":536},"Why does 'des amis' become 'd'amis' after a negative?","After a negative verb, indefinite and partitive articles collapse to plain 'de' (or 'd'' before a vowel). 'J'ai des amis' becomes 'je n'ai pas d'amis'; 'je mange du pain' becomes 'je ne mange pas de pain'. The same collapse happens after any quantity expression: beaucoup de pain (a lot of bread), un kilo de pommes (a kilo of apples), un verre d'eau (a glass of water). The article never reappears between 'de' and the noun in these constructions.","foundation","The partitive is the article English doesn't have - du, de la, de l', des - marking an unspecified amount of something uncountable. Two simple rules govern it: forget the article and your French sounds broken; remember the two cases where the article collapses to plain 'de' (negation and quantity), and you've got a structure most learners get wrong for years.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpartitives-and-de",{"title":34,"description":528},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpartitives-and-de","b__RhpuvveHeIKMBn_rDp57GBfNZt5TpkUlPhnxUxRM",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":548},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":550},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":552},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":554},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":556},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":558},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":560},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":562,"hidden":541},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]