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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":889,"date":35,"description":890,"extension":891,"faqs":892,"gcseTier":899,"intro":900,"language":901,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":902,"navigation":903,"path":904,"seo":905,"stem":906,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":907},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpasse-compose.md","French Passe Compose: avoir or etre + Past Participle and the MRS VANDERTRAMP Set",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":872},"minimark",[39,44,53,75,80,83,89,95,104,109,112,300,315,319,322,342,345,349,352,402,405,452,458,462,468,530,537,541,546,678,681,685,695,702,722,725,729,739,759,763,801,805,836,840],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"french-passe-compose","French Passe Compose",[45,46,47,48,52],"p",{},"The passe compose is the default French past tense. It covers both \"I did X\" and \"I have done X\" in English. The shape is always: ",[49,50,51],"strong",{},"auxiliary (avoir or etre) + past participle",".",[54,55,56,63,69],"ul",{},[57,58,59,62],"li",{},[49,60,61],{},"J'ai parle."," (I spoke \u002F I have spoken.)",[57,64,65,68],{},[49,66,67],{},"Nous avons mange."," (We ate \u002F We have eaten.)",[57,70,71,74],{},[49,72,73],{},"Elle est partie."," (She left \u002F She has left.)",[76,77,79],"h2",{"id":78},"the-two-auxiliaries","The two auxiliaries",[45,81,82],{},"The main puzzle of the passe compose is which auxiliary the verb takes.",[45,84,85,88],{},[49,86,87],{},"Avoir"," is the default. Most verbs use it.",[45,90,91,94],{},[49,92,93],{},"Etre"," is used in two specific cases:",[96,97,98,101],"ol",{},[57,99,100],{},"A closed set of about fifteen intransitive verbs of movement or state.",[57,102,103],{},"All reflexive verbs (se laver, se lever, s'appeler, etc.).",[105,106,108],"h3",{"id":107},"the-etre-set-mrs-vandertramp","The etre set: MRS VANDERTRAMP",[45,110,111],{},"A mnemonic. Each letter is the start of a verb in the closed set.",[113,114,115,131],"table",{},[116,117,118],"thead",{},[119,120,121,125,128],"tr",{},[122,123,124],"th",{},"Verb",[122,126,127],{},"Meaning",[122,129,130],{},"Past participle",[132,133,134,146,157,168,179,190,201,212,223,234,245,256,267,278,289],"tbody",{},[119,135,136,140,143],{},[137,138,139],"td",{},"Mourir",[137,141,142],{},"to die",[137,144,145],{},"mort",[119,147,148,151,154],{},[137,149,150],{},"Retourner",[137,152,153],{},"to return",[137,155,156],{},"retourne",[119,158,159,162,165],{},[137,160,161],{},"Sortir",[137,163,164],{},"to go out",[137,166,167],{},"sorti",[119,169,170,173,176],{},[137,171,172],{},"Venir",[137,174,175],{},"to come",[137,177,178],{},"venu",[119,180,181,184,187],{},[137,182,183],{},"Arriver",[137,185,186],{},"to arrive",[137,188,189],{},"arrive",[119,191,192,195,198],{},[137,193,194],{},"Naitre",[137,196,197],{},"to be born",[137,199,200],{},"ne",[119,202,203,206,209],{},[137,204,205],{},"Descendre",[137,207,208],{},"to go down",[137,210,211],{},"descendu",[119,213,214,217,220],{},[137,215,216],{},"Entrer",[137,218,219],{},"to enter",[137,221,222],{},"entre",[119,224,225,228,231],{},[137,226,227],{},"Rentrer",[137,229,230],{},"to come home",[137,232,233],{},"rentre",[119,235,236,239,242],{},[137,237,238],{},"Tomber",[137,240,241],{},"to fall",[137,243,244],{},"tombe",[119,246,247,250,253],{},[137,248,249],{},"Rester",[137,251,252],{},"to stay",[137,254,255],{},"reste",[119,257,258,261,264],{},[137,259,260],{},"Aller",[137,262,263],{},"to go",[137,265,266],{},"alle",[119,268,269,272,275],{},[137,270,271],{},"Monter",[137,273,274],{},"to go up",[137,276,277],{},"monte",[119,279,280,283,286],{},[137,281,282],{},"Partir",[137,284,285],{},"to leave",[137,287,288],{},"parti",[119,290,291,294,297],{},[137,292,293],{},"Passer",[137,295,296],{},"to pass by",[137,298,299],{},"passe",[45,301,302,303,306,307,310,311,314],{},"Plus compounds: ",[49,304,305],{},"devenir"," (to become), ",[49,308,309],{},"revenir"," (to come back), ",[49,312,313],{},"repartir"," (to leave again). These are the only verbs that take etre as their everyday auxiliary. Everything else uses avoir.",[105,316,318],{"id":317},"reflexives","Reflexives",[45,320,321],{},"All reflexive verbs use etre in compound tenses, regardless of meaning.",[54,323,324,330,336],{},[57,325,326,329],{},[49,327,328],{},"Je me suis leve."," (I got up.)",[57,331,332,335],{},[49,333,334],{},"Elle s'est lavee."," (She washed.)",[57,337,338,341],{},[49,339,340],{},"Nous nous sommes couches."," (We went to bed.)",[45,343,344],{},"The reflexive pronoun stays before the auxiliary. The past participle agrees - see below.",[76,346,348],{"id":347},"the-past-participle","The past participle",[45,350,351],{},"Three regular patterns, by verb ending.",[113,353,354,367],{},[116,355,356],{},[119,357,358,361,364],{},[122,359,360],{},"Ending",[122,362,363],{},"Drop and add",[122,365,366],{},"Example",[132,368,369,380,391],{},[119,370,371,374,377],{},[137,372,373],{},"-er",[137,375,376],{},"-er + e",[137,378,379],{},"parler -> parle",[119,381,382,385,388],{},[137,383,384],{},"-ir cluster",[137,386,387],{},"-ir + i",[137,389,390],{},"finir -> fini",[119,392,393,396,399],{},[137,394,395],{},"-re cluster",[137,397,398],{},"-re + u",[137,400,401],{},"attendre -> attendu",[45,403,404],{},"The three irregulars you must memorise from day one:",[113,406,407,417],{},[116,408,409],{},[119,410,411,413,415],{},[122,412,124],{},[122,414,130],{},[122,416,127],{},[132,418,419,430,441],{},[119,420,421,424,427],{},[137,422,423],{},"etre",[137,425,426],{},"ete",[137,428,429],{},"been",[119,431,432,435,438],{},[137,433,434],{},"avoir",[137,436,437],{},"eu",[137,439,440],{},"had",[119,442,443,446,449],{},[137,444,445],{},"faire",[137,447,448],{},"fait",[137,450,451],{},"done \u002F made",[45,453,454,455,52],{},"Other common irregulars that come up in the first month: ",[49,456,457],{},"voir -> vu, dire -> dit, prendre -> pris, mettre -> mis, ecrire -> ecrit, lire -> lu, boire -> bu, recevoir -> recu, savoir -> su, pouvoir -> pu, vouloir -> voulu, devoir -> du, courir -> couru, ouvrir -> ouvert, offrir -> offert",[76,459,461],{"id":460},"conjugation-of-avoir-past-participle","Conjugation of avoir + past participle",[45,463,464,467],{},[49,465,466],{},"Parler"," (to speak) in the passe compose:",[113,469,470,480],{},[116,471,472],{},[119,473,474,477],{},[122,475,476],{},"Subject",[122,478,479],{},"Form",[132,481,482,490,498,506,514,522],{},[119,483,484,487],{},[137,485,486],{},"je",[137,488,489],{},"j'ai parle",[119,491,492,495],{},[137,493,494],{},"tu",[137,496,497],{},"tu as parle",[119,499,500,503],{},[137,501,502],{},"il \u002F elle \u002F on",[137,504,505],{},"il a parle",[119,507,508,511],{},[137,509,510],{},"nous",[137,512,513],{},"nous avons parle",[119,515,516,519],{},[137,517,518],{},"vous",[137,520,521],{},"vous avez parle",[119,523,524,527],{},[137,525,526],{},"ils \u002F elles",[137,528,529],{},"ils ont parle",[45,531,532,533,536],{},"The participle doesn't change. Avoir is conjugated; ",[49,534,535],{},"parle"," stays the same for every subject.",[76,538,540],{"id":539},"conjugation-of-etre-past-participle","Conjugation of etre + past participle",[45,542,543,545],{},[49,544,260],{}," (to go) in the passe compose. With etre, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number, like an adjective.",[113,547,548,556],{},[116,549,550],{},[119,551,552,554],{},[122,553,476],{},[122,555,479],{},[132,557,558,566,574,582,590,598,606,614,622,630,638,646,654,662,670],{},[119,559,560,563],{},[137,561,562],{},"je (masc)",[137,564,565],{},"je suis alle",[119,567,568,571],{},[137,569,570],{},"je (fem)",[137,572,573],{},"je suis allee",[119,575,576,579],{},[137,577,578],{},"tu (masc)",[137,580,581],{},"tu es alle",[119,583,584,587],{},[137,585,586],{},"tu (fem)",[137,588,589],{},"tu es allee",[119,591,592,595],{},[137,593,594],{},"il",[137,596,597],{},"il est alle",[119,599,600,603],{},[137,601,602],{},"elle",[137,604,605],{},"elle est allee",[119,607,608,611],{},[137,609,610],{},"on",[137,612,613],{},"on est alle",[119,615,616,619],{},[137,617,618],{},"nous (masc)",[137,620,621],{},"nous sommes alles",[119,623,624,627],{},[137,625,626],{},"nous (fem \u002F mixed)",[137,628,629],{},"nous sommes allees",[119,631,632,635],{},[137,633,634],{},"vous (masc sg)",[137,636,637],{},"vous etes alle",[119,639,640,643],{},[137,641,642],{},"vous (fem sg)",[137,644,645],{},"vous etes allee",[119,647,648,651],{},[137,649,650],{},"vous (masc pl)",[137,652,653],{},"vous etes alles",[119,655,656,659],{},[137,657,658],{},"vous (fem pl)",[137,660,661],{},"vous etes allees",[119,663,664,667],{},[137,665,666],{},"ils",[137,668,669],{},"ils sont alles",[119,671,672,675],{},[137,673,674],{},"elles",[137,676,677],{},"elles sont allees",[45,679,680],{},"The agreement is the same as any adjective: +e for feminine, +s for plural, +es for feminine plural.",[76,682,684],{"id":683},"the-avoir-agreement-rule-flagged-for-attention","The avoir agreement rule (flagged for attention)",[45,686,687,688,690,691,694],{},"With ",[49,689,434],{},", the past participle normally doesn't agree with anything. ",[49,692,693],{},"J'ai mange une pomme"," - no agreement on mange.",[45,696,697,698,701],{},"But: when a direct object goes ",[49,699,700],{},"before"," the verb (in the form of an object pronoun, a relative pronoun, or a question word), the past participle agrees with that preceding direct object.",[54,703,704,710,716],{},[57,705,706,709],{},[49,707,708],{},"J'ai mange la pomme."," (no agreement - object after verb)",[57,711,712,715],{},[49,713,714],{},"Je l'ai mangee."," (agreement - \"la\" pronoun before verb, feminine singular)",[57,717,718,721],{},[49,719,720],{},"Les pommes que j'ai mangees."," (agreement - \"les pommes\" precedes the verb via \"que\")",[45,723,724],{},"This rule is real but unevenly enforced in spoken French. For Foundation tier, recognise it and don't drill it. It matters in writing.",[76,726,728],{"id":727},"negation-in-the-passe-compose","Negation in the passe compose",[45,730,731,734,735,738],{},[49,732,733],{},"Ne"," goes before the auxiliary, ",[49,736,737],{},"pas"," after it. The participle stays at the end.",[54,740,741,747,753],{},[57,742,743,746],{},[49,744,745],{},"Je n'ai pas mange."," (I didn't eat.)",[57,748,749,752],{},[49,750,751],{},"Elle n'est pas partie."," (She didn't leave.)",[57,754,755,758],{},[49,756,757],{},"Nous ne nous sommes pas couches tard."," (We didn't go to bed late.)",[76,760,762],{"id":761},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[54,764,765,771,777,783,789,795],{},[57,766,767,770],{},[49,768,769],{},"Hier, j'ai vu un film au cinema."," (Yesterday I saw a film at the cinema.)",[57,772,773,776],{},[49,774,775],{},"Marie est nee a Lyon en 1995."," (Marie was born in Lyon in 1995.)",[57,778,779,782],{},[49,780,781],{},"Nous avons mange dans un bon restaurant."," (We ate in a good restaurant.)",[57,784,785,788],{},[49,786,787],{},"Ils sont arrives en retard."," (They arrived late.)",[57,790,791,794],{},[49,792,793],{},"Elle s'est levee tot ce matin."," (She got up early this morning.)",[57,796,797,800],{},[49,798,799],{},"J'ai fait mes devoirs et je suis sorti avec mes amis."," (I did my homework and I went out with my friends.)",[76,802,804],{"id":803},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,806,807,808,811,812,815,816,811,819,821,822,825,826,825,829,832,833,52],{},"Defaulting to avoir for every verb: ",[49,809,810],{},"j'ai alle au cinema"," is wrong, it's ",[49,813,814],{},"je suis alle au cinema",". Aller is in the etre set. Forgetting the agreement with etre: ",[49,817,818],{},"elle est alle",[49,820,605],{},". And using the wrong irregular participle - ",[49,823,824],{},"j'ai faisi",", ",[49,827,828],{},"j'ai etre",[49,830,831],{},"j'ai avoi"," are all wrong; the right forms are ",[49,834,835],{},"j'ai fait, j'ai ete, j'ai eu",[76,837,839],{"id":838},"see-also","See also",[54,841,842,851,858,865],{},[57,843,844,845,850],{},"The ",[846,847,849],"a",{"href":848},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimparfait","imparfait page"," covers the other Foundation-tier past tense.",[57,852,844,853,857],{},[846,854,856],{"href":855},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpasse-compose-vs-imparfait","passe compose vs imparfait page"," covers the decision rules side by side.",[57,859,844,860,864],{},[846,861,863],{"href":862},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Freflexive-verbs","reflexive verbs page"," covers the present-tense use of reflexives that passe compose extends.",[57,866,844,867,871],{},[846,868,870],{"href":869},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate French grammar"," page covers Higher-tier irregular participles and the full agreement system.",{"title":873,"searchDepth":874,"depth":874,"links":875},"",2,[876,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888],{"id":78,"depth":874,"text":79,"children":877},[878,880],{"id":107,"depth":879,"text":108},3,{"id":317,"depth":879,"text":318},{"id":347,"depth":874,"text":348},{"id":460,"depth":874,"text":461},{"id":539,"depth":874,"text":540},{"id":683,"depth":874,"text":684},{"id":727,"depth":874,"text":728},{"id":761,"depth":874,"text":762},{"id":803,"depth":874,"text":804},{"id":838,"depth":874,"text":839},"A2-B1","French passe compose: auxiliary avoir or etre + past participle. The avoir default, the closed set of etre verbs (MRS VANDERTRAMP), past-participle agreement, and the three irregulars you must memorise: ete, eu, fait.","md",[893,896],{"q":894,"a":895},"When does a French verb use etre instead of avoir in the passe compose?","For two cases. First, a closed set of about fifteen intransitive verbs of movement and state - the MRS VANDERTRAMP mnemonic: aller, venir, arriver, partir, monter, descendre, naitre, mourir, entrer, sortir, retourner, rester, tomber, devenir, passer (and their compounds revenir, repartir, rentrer). Every other intransitive verb takes avoir. Second, all reflexive verbs - se laver, se lever, s'appeler - use etre in compound tenses, regardless of their meaning. When the auxiliary is etre, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number, like an adjective.",{"q":897,"a":898},"How do you form the French past participle?","Three regular patterns. -er verbs drop -er and add -e: parler -> parle, manger -> mange. -ir verbs (the choisir \u002F finir cluster) drop -ir and add -i: finir -> fini, choisir -> choisi. -re verbs drop -re and add -u: attendre -> attendu, vendre -> vendu. Three irregulars at Foundation tier: etre -> ete (been), avoir -> eu (had), faire -> fait (done \u002F made). A handful of further irregulars come up constantly: voir -> vu, dire -> dit, prendre -> pris, mettre -> mis, ecrire -> ecrit.","foundation","The passe compose is the default French past tense - the one that covers English 'I did X' and 'I have done X'. It's a compound: auxiliary (avoir or etre) + past participle. This page covers the formation rules, the closed set of verbs that take etre instead of avoir (movement and state verbs, plus all reflexives), the agreement rules, and the three irregular participles you'll meet first.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpasse-compose",{"title":34,"description":890},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpasse-compose","CEOH55IJLbq_xw0N3qx6rv6B-Gi0zs6nIgVUly4z2-Y",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":910},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":912},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":914},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":916},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":918},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":920},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":922},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":924,"hidden":903},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]