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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":551,"date":35,"description":552,"extension":553,"faqs":554,"gcseTier":561,"intro":562,"language":563,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":564,"navigation":565,"path":566,"seo":567,"stem":568,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":569},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Frelative-pronouns.md","French Relative Pronouns: qui, que, dont, ou and How to Glue Clauses Together",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":537},"minimark",[39,44,53,58,64,92,99,103,109,135,149,154,158,168,188,197,201,210,213,251,257,264,277,281,287,313,319,323,334,360,363,375,379,386,400,406,414,421,425,469,473,511,515],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"french-relative-pronouns","French Relative Pronouns",[45,46,47,48,52],"p",{},"Relative pronouns connect a clause to a noun. French has four at Foundation tier: ",[49,50,51],"strong",{},"qui, que, dont, ou",". Each one corresponds to a specific grammatical role in the clause it introduces.",[54,55,57],"h2",{"id":56},"qui-subject-relative","qui: subject relative",[45,59,60,63],{},[49,61,62],{},"Qui"," stands in for the subject of the relative clause. It can refer to people, things, or animals - what matters is its role, not its referent.",[65,66,67,74,80,86],"ul",{},[68,69,70,73],"li",{},[49,71,72],{},"L'homme qui parle est mon pere."," (The man who is speaking is my father.) - qui is the subject of parle",[68,75,76,79],{},[49,77,78],{},"Le livre qui est sur la table."," (The book that is on the table.) - qui is the subject of est",[68,81,82,85],{},[49,83,84],{},"J'ai un ami qui habite a Tokyo."," (I have a friend who lives in Tokyo.)",[68,87,88,91],{},[49,89,90],{},"C'est moi qui ai fait ca."," (It's me who did that.)",[45,93,94,95,98],{},"A useful test: if a verb follows directly with no other subject, use ",[49,96,97],{},"qui",".",[54,100,102],{"id":101},"que-object-relative","que: object relative",[45,104,105,108],{},[49,106,107],{},"Que"," stands in for the direct object of the relative clause. A different subject appears after it.",[65,110,111,117,123,129],{},[68,112,113,116],{},[49,114,115],{},"Le livre que je lis."," (The book that I'm reading.) - je is the subject, que is the object",[68,118,119,122],{},[49,120,121],{},"L'homme que tu as vu."," (The man that you saw.)",[68,124,125,128],{},[49,126,127],{},"La maison que nous avons achetee."," (The house that we bought.)",[68,130,131,134],{},[49,132,133],{},"Le film que j'ai vu hier."," (The film I saw yesterday.)",[45,136,137,138,141,142,145,146,98],{},"Before a vowel, ",[49,139,140],{},"que"," elides to ",[49,143,144],{},"qu'",": ",[49,147,148],{},"le livre qu'elle ecrit",[45,150,151,152,98],{},"The test: if a subject follows the relative pronoun, use ",[49,153,140],{},[54,155,157],{"id":156},"past-participle-agreement-with-que","Past-participle agreement with que",[45,159,160,161,164,165,167],{},"When the relative clause is in the passe compose with ",[49,162,163],{},"avoir",", the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object that ",[49,166,140],{}," refers to.",[65,169,170,176,182],{},[68,171,172,175],{},[49,173,174],{},"La pomme que j'ai mangee."," (The apple that I ate.) - mangee agrees with feminine la pomme",[68,177,178,181],{},[49,179,180],{},"Les livres que j'ai lus."," (The books I read.) - lus agrees with masculine plural les livres",[68,183,184,187],{},[49,185,186],{},"Les chansons qu'elle a chantees."," (The songs she sang.) - chantees agrees with feminine plural",[45,189,190,191,196],{},"This is the avoir-agreement rule from the ",[192,193,195],"a",{"href":194},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpasse-compose","passe compose page"," firing in practice. Flagged here, not drilled - it matters most in writing.",[54,198,200],{"id":199},"dont-de-noun","dont: de + noun",[45,202,203,206,207,98],{},[49,204,205],{},"Dont"," replaces any \"de + noun\" in a relative clause. Use it wherever the non-relative version would have started with ",[49,208,209],{},"de",[45,211,212],{},"Common cases:",[65,214,215,224,233,243],{},[68,216,217,220,221,223],{},[49,218,219],{},"C'est le livre dont je parle."," (This is the book I'm talking about.) - parler ",[49,222,209],{}," quelque chose",[68,225,226,229,230,232],{},[49,227,228],{},"L'homme dont la voiture est rouge."," (The man whose car is red.) - the car ",[49,231,209],{}," l'homme",[68,234,235,238,239,242],{},[49,236,237],{},"Le film dont j'ai oublie le titre."," (The film whose title I forgot.) - le titre ",[49,240,241],{},"du"," film",[68,244,245,248,249],{},[49,246,247],{},"La maladie dont il souffre."," (The illness he suffers from.) - souffrir ",[49,250,209],{},[45,252,253,254,98],{},"English uses \"whose\", \"of which\", \"about which\", \"from which\" - French collapses all of them to ",[49,255,256],{},"dont",[45,258,259,260,263],{},"The structure is rigid: ",[49,261,262],{},"dont + subject + verb + the rest",". Even when the de-relation is to a possession, the possessor (with dont) comes before the thing possessed.",[65,265,266,271],{},[68,267,268,270],{},[49,269,228],{}," ✓",[68,272,273,276],{},[49,274,275],{},"L'homme la voiture dont est rouge."," ✗",[54,278,280],{"id":279},"ou-place-and-time","ou: place and time",[45,282,283,286],{},[49,284,285],{},"Ou"," as a relative covers \"where\" and \"when\". Same word as the question word.",[65,288,289,295,301,307],{},[68,290,291,294],{},[49,292,293],{},"La ville ou j'habite."," (The city where I live.)",[68,296,297,300],{},[49,298,299],{},"Le restaurant ou nous mangeons."," (The restaurant where we eat.)",[68,302,303,306],{},[49,304,305],{},"Le jour ou je suis arrive."," (The day I arrived.)",[68,308,309,312],{},[49,310,311],{},"L'annee ou nous nous sommes rencontres."," (The year we met.)",[45,314,315,316,98],{},"The \"when\" use is the one English speakers miss - English uses \"when\", French uses ",[49,317,318],{},"ou",[54,320,322],{"id":321},"ce-qui-and-ce-que-nominal-relatives","ce qui and ce que: nominal relatives",[45,324,325,326,329,330,333],{},"When the relative refers to \"what\" rather than a specific noun, French uses ",[49,327,328],{},"ce qui"," (subject) and ",[49,331,332],{},"ce que"," (object). These are the equivalent of English \"what\" in \"I don't know what you mean\".",[65,335,336,342,348,354],{},[68,337,338,341],{},[49,339,340],{},"Ce qui me plait, c'est la musique."," (What I like is the music.) - ce qui is the subject",[68,343,344,347],{},[49,345,346],{},"Ce que je veux, c'est partir."," (What I want is to leave.) - ce que is the object",[68,349,350,353],{},[49,351,352],{},"Je ne comprends pas ce que tu dis."," (I don't understand what you're saying.)",[68,355,356,359],{},[49,357,358],{},"Dis-moi ce qui s'est passe."," (Tell me what happened.)",[45,361,362],{},"Same qui \u002F que split: ce qui when followed by a verb directly, ce que when followed by a subject.",[45,364,365,366,145,369,372,373,98],{},"There's also ",[49,367,368],{},"ce dont",[49,370,371],{},"je sais ce dont tu parles"," (I know what you're talking about). Same de-replacement rule as ",[49,374,256],{},[54,376,378],{"id":377},"lequel-and-friends-briefly","lequel and friends (briefly)",[45,380,381,382,385],{},"After most prepositions, French uses ",[49,383,384],{},"lequel \u002F laquelle \u002F lesquels \u002F lesquelles"," for things. These agree with the noun they refer to.",[65,387,388,394],{},[68,389,390,393],{},[49,391,392],{},"La chaise sur laquelle je suis assis."," (The chair I'm sitting on.)",[68,395,396,399],{},[49,397,398],{},"Les amis avec lesquels je voyage."," (The friends I'm travelling with.)",[45,401,402,403,405],{},"For people after a preposition, French uses ",[49,404,97],{},":",[65,407,408],{},[68,409,410,413],{},[49,411,412],{},"L'homme avec qui je parlais."," (The man I was talking to.)",[45,415,416,417,420],{},"The full ",[49,418,419],{},"lequel"," system is Higher-tier on the AQA list. Recognise it; you don't have to produce it confidently at Foundation level.",[54,422,424],{"id":423},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[65,426,427,433,439,445,451,457,463],{},[68,428,429,432],{},[49,430,431],{},"Le garcon qui habite a cote est mon ami."," (The boy who lives next door is my friend.)",[68,434,435,438],{},[49,436,437],{},"C'est le film que je voulais voir."," (It's the film I wanted to see.)",[68,440,441,444],{},[49,442,443],{},"L'auteur dont j'ai parle hier est francais."," (The author I talked about yesterday is French.)",[68,446,447,450],{},[49,448,449],{},"La maison ou j'ai grandi a ete vendue."," (The house where I grew up has been sold.)",[68,452,453,456],{},[49,454,455],{},"Le jour ou nous sommes arrives, il pleuvait."," (The day we arrived, it was raining.)",[68,458,459,462],{},[49,460,461],{},"Je ne sais pas ce qu'elle veut."," (I don't know what she wants.)",[68,464,465,468],{},[49,466,467],{},"Dis-moi ce qui te plait."," (Tell me what you like.)",[54,470,472],{"id":471},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,474,475,476,478,479,482,483,486,487,490,491,493,494,497,498,482,501,504,505,508,509,98],{},"Using ",[49,477,97],{}," for an object because the English \"who\" or \"that\" feels like it: ",[49,480,481],{},"le livre qui je lis"," is wrong, it's ",[49,484,485],{},"le livre que je lis",". The subject is ",[49,488,489],{},"je",", so the relative is ",[49,492,140],{},". Using ",[49,495,496],{},"quand"," as a relative for time: ",[49,499,500],{},"le jour quand je suis arrive",[49,502,503],{},"le jour ou je suis arrive",". And dropping the relative pronoun entirely, which English allows (\"the book I read\") but French forbids - ",[49,506,507],{},"le livre je lis"," is broken; it has to be ",[49,510,485],{},[54,512,514],{"id":513},"see-also","See also",[65,516,517,525,530],{},[68,518,519,520,524],{},"The ",[192,521,523],{"href":522},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcheatsheet","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the wider A1-B1 foundation.",[68,526,519,527,529],{},[192,528,195],{"href":194}," covers the participle-agreement rule that fires after que.",[68,531,519,532,536],{},[192,533,535],{"href":534},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate French grammar"," page covers the full lequel system and Higher-tier relative-clause constructions.",{"title":538,"searchDepth":539,"depth":539,"links":540},"",2,[541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550],{"id":56,"depth":539,"text":57},{"id":101,"depth":539,"text":102},{"id":156,"depth":539,"text":157},{"id":199,"depth":539,"text":200},{"id":279,"depth":539,"text":280},{"id":321,"depth":539,"text":322},{"id":377,"depth":539,"text":378},{"id":423,"depth":539,"text":424},{"id":471,"depth":539,"text":472},{"id":513,"depth":539,"text":514},"A2-B1","French relative pronouns: qui (subject), que (object), dont (de-relations), ou (place \u002F time). Plus ce qui \u002F ce que for nominal relatives and a brief flag of lequel for Higher tier.","md",[555,558],{"q":556,"a":557},"What is the difference between qui and que in French relative clauses?","Qui is the subject relative - it stands in for the subject of the clause that follows. 'L'homme qui parle' (the man who is speaking) - qui is the subject of parle. Que is the object relative - it stands in for the object. 'Le livre que je lis' (the book that I read) - que is the object, je is the subject. The split is grammatical, not semantic: qui can refer to people, things, or animals, and so can que. What matters is the role they play in the embedded clause. If a subject follows the relative pronoun, you need que; if a verb follows directly, you need qui.",{"q":559,"a":560},"When do you use 'dont' in French?","Dont replaces 'de + noun' in a relative clause. Any time the relative clause would have started with 'de' in a non-relative version, use dont. 'C'est le livre dont je parle' (this is the book I'm talking about) - because parler de quelque chose takes de. 'L'homme dont la voiture est rouge' (the man whose car is red) - because the car is OF the man, marked with de. Dont covers 'whose', 'of which', 'about which', 'from which' in English. It's a single pronoun that does a lot of work.","foundation","Relative pronouns connect a clause to a noun: the man WHO came, the book THAT I read, the day WHEN we met. French uses four core relatives - qui, que, dont, ou - each tied to a specific grammatical role. This page covers all four, the ce qui \u002F ce que constructions for nominal relatives, and the one rule that catches everyone: qui is always the subject, que is always the object.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Frelative-pronouns",{"title":34,"description":552},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Frelative-pronouns","3RsKQRy2WRagrYvnI9BRBHv3_tS-d3uH4bVWQGoKHWY",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":572},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":574},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":576},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":578},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":580},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":582},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":584},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":586,"hidden":565},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]