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0z\"\u002F>",true,{"id":46,"title":47,"author":48,"body":49,"cefrLevel":760,"date":48,"description":761,"extension":762,"faqs":763,"gcseTier":773,"intro":774,"language":775,"lastUpdated":48,"meta":776,"navigation":44,"path":777,"seo":778,"stem":779,"verbSlugs":48,"__hash__":780},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-after-conjunctions.md","The French Subjunctive After Conjunctions",null,{"type":50,"value":51,"toc":749},"minimark",[52,56,89,96,101,104,188,333,337,352,372,390,394,419,438,450,483,487,498,572,593,597,666,670,717,721],[53,54,47],"h1",{"id":55},"the-french-subjunctive-after-conjunctions",[57,58,59,60,64,65,70,71,75,76,80,81,84,85,88],"p",{},"If you have learned to ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"build"," the present subjunctive on the ",[66,67,69],"a",{"href":68},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-present-formation","formation page"," and met the triggers of ",[66,72,74],{"href":73},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-after-necessity","necessity and will"," and ",[66,77,79],{"href":78},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-after-doubt-emotion","doubt and emotion",", this page covers the most mechanical triggers of all: ",[61,82,83],{},"conjunctions",". Unlike opinion verbs, where you have to weigh whether a clause is asserted or doubted, conjunctions are a ",[61,86,87],{},"fixed list",". If the conjunction is on the list, the verb goes subjunctive. Full stop.",[57,90,91,92,95],{},"That makes this the easiest part of the subjunctive to score on in an exam, provided you have memorised the list. The underlying logic is the familiar one - these conjunctions all introduce something ",[61,93,94],{},"not yet real",": a purpose not yet achieved, a condition not yet met, an event not yet reached - but you do not even need the logic. You need the list.",[97,98,100],"h2",{"id":99},"the-always-subjunctive-conjunctions","The always-subjunctive conjunctions",[57,102,103],{},"Every conjunction below forces the subjunctive on the verb in its clause:",[105,106,107,118,128,138,148,158,168,178],"ul",{},[108,109,110,113,114,117],"li",{},[61,111,112],{},"bien que \u002F quoique"," (although): ",[61,115,116],{},"Bien qu'il soit tard, je reste."," (Although it is late, I am staying.)",[108,119,120,123,124,127],{},[61,121,122],{},"pour que \u002F afin que"," (so that): ",[61,125,126],{},"Je t'aide pour que tu réussisses."," (I am helping you so that you succeed.)",[108,129,130,133,134,137],{},[61,131,132],{},"avant que"," (before): ",[61,135,136],{},"Partons avant qu'il ne pleuve."," (Let us leave before it rains.)",[108,139,140,143,144,147],{},[61,141,142],{},"jusqu'à ce que"," (until): ",[61,145,146],{},"Attends jusqu'à ce qu'elle revienne."," (Wait until she comes back.)",[108,149,150,153,154,157],{},[61,151,152],{},"à condition que \u002F pourvu que"," (provided that): ",[61,155,156],{},"Tu peux sortir à condition que tu finisses tes devoirs."," (You can go out provided you finish your homework.)",[108,159,160,163,164,167],{},[61,161,162],{},"sans que"," (without): ",[61,165,166],{},"Il est parti sans que nous le sachions."," (He left without our knowing.)",[108,169,170,173,174,177],{},[61,171,172],{},"de peur que \u002F de crainte que"," (for fear that): ",[61,175,176],{},"Je ferme la porte de peur qu'il n'entre."," (I am shutting the door for fear he comes in.)",[108,179,180,183,184,187],{},[61,181,182],{},"à moins que"," (unless): ",[61,185,186],{},"Nous viendrons à moins qu'il ne fasse trop froid."," (We will come unless it is too cold.)",[189,190,191,207],"table",{},[192,193,194],"thead",{},[195,196,197,201,204],"tr",{},[198,199,200],"th",{},"Conjunction",[198,202,203],{},"Meaning",[198,205,206],{},"Example",[208,209,210,225,238,251,264,279,292,305,319],"tbody",{},[195,211,212,215,218],{},[213,214,112],"td",{},[213,216,217],{},"although",[213,219,220,221,224],{},"bien qu'il ",[61,222,223],{},"soit"," fatigué",[195,226,227,229,232],{},[213,228,122],{},[213,230,231],{},"so that",[213,233,234,235],{},"afin que vous ",[61,236,237],{},"compreniez",[195,239,240,242,245],{},[213,241,132],{},[213,243,244],{},"before",[213,246,247,248],{},"avant que tu ",[61,249,250],{},"partes",[195,252,253,255,258],{},[213,254,142],{},[213,256,257],{},"until",[213,259,260,261],{},"jusqu'à ce qu'il ",[61,262,263],{},"finisse",[195,265,266,269,272],{},[213,267,268],{},"à condition que",[213,270,271],{},"provided that",[213,273,274,275,278],{},"à condition que nous ",[61,276,277],{},"soyons"," à l'heure",[195,280,281,284,286],{},[213,282,283],{},"pourvu que",[213,285,271],{},[213,287,288,289],{},"pourvu qu'elle ",[61,290,291],{},"vienne",[195,293,294,296,299],{},[213,295,162],{},[213,297,298],{},"without",[213,300,301,302],{},"sans que je le ",[61,303,304],{},"veuille",[195,306,307,310,313],{},[213,308,309],{},"de peur que",[213,311,312],{},"for fear that",[213,314,315,316],{},"de peur qu'il ne ",[61,317,318],{},"tombe",[195,320,321,323,326],{},[213,322,182],{},[213,324,325],{},"unless",[213,327,328,329,332],{},"à moins que tu ",[61,330,331],{},"aies"," une meilleure idée",[97,334,336],{"id":335},"the-ne-explétif","The ne explétif",[57,338,339,340,343,344,347,348,351],{},"A handful of these conjunctions take an optional ",[61,341,342],{},"ne explétif"," - a ",[61,345,346],{},"ne"," that looks like a negation but is not one. It carries no negative meaning, takes no ",[61,349,350],{},"pas",", and the sentence stays positive:",[105,353,354,360,366],{},[108,355,356,359],{},[61,357,358],{},"Partons avant qu'il ne parte."," (Let us leave before he leaves.)",[108,361,362,365],{},[61,363,364],{},"Nous viendrons à moins qu'il ne pleuve."," (We will come unless it rains.)",[108,367,368,371],{},[61,369,370],{},"Je le préviens de peur qu'il ne soit en retard."," (I am warning him for fear he will be late.)",[57,373,374,375,377,378,377,380,75,382,385,386,389],{},"It appears after ",[61,376,132],{},", ",[61,379,182],{},[61,381,309],{},[61,383,384],{},"de crainte que",". You can drop it entirely in everyday French and the meaning is identical - ",[61,387,388],{},"avant qu'il parte"," is just as correct. Recognise it when reading, and use it to sound polished in formal writing, but never read it as a negative.",[97,391,393],{"id":392},"après-que-takes-the-indicative","après que takes the indicative",[57,395,396,397,399,400,402,403,406,407,410,411,414,415,418],{},"The mirror of ",[61,398,132],{}," is the classic trap. ",[61,401,132],{}," (before) points at an event that has ",[61,404,405],{},"not yet happened"," when you speak, so it is hypothetical and takes the subjunctive. ",[61,408,409],{},"après que"," (after) points at an event that has ",[61,412,413],{},"already happened"," - it is real and completed - so it traditionally takes the ",[61,416,417],{},"indicative",":",[105,420,421,429],{},[108,422,423,425,426,428],{},[61,424,132],{}," -> subjunctive: ",[61,427,388],{}," (before he leaves).",[108,430,431,433,434,437],{},[61,432,409],{}," -> indicative: ",[61,435,436],{},"après qu'il est parti"," (after he left).",[57,439,440,441,443,444,446,447,449],{},"In modern speech many French speakers wrongly extend the subjunctive to ",[61,442,409],{}," by analogy with ",[61,445,132],{},", and you will hear \"après qu'il soit parti\" in the wild. The exam and textbook answer keeps ",[61,448,409],{}," in the indicative.",[57,451,452,453,456,457,460,461,75,464,467,468,471,472,474,475,478,479,482],{},"While you are sorting out the \"so that\" idea, keep the ",[61,454,455],{},"purpose"," versus ",[61,458,459],{},"result"," distinction tight: ",[61,462,463],{},"pour que",[61,465,466],{},"afin que"," express purpose - an aim not yet achieved - and take the subjunctive (",[61,469,470],{},"je parle lentement pour que tu comprennes",", I speak slowly so that you understand). A genuine ",[61,473,459],{}," that has actually happened uses ",[61,476,477],{},"si bien que"," (so that \u002F with the result that) and stays in the indicative (",[61,480,481],{},"il a parlé lentement, si bien que tout le monde a compris",", he spoke slowly, so that everyone understood).",[97,484,486],{"id":485},"the-same-subject-shortcut","The same-subject shortcut",[57,488,489,490,493,494,497],{},"Several of these conjunctions have an infinitive form used when ",[61,491,492],{},"both halves of the sentence share the same subject",". Just like the different-subject rule on the necessity and emotion pages, French refuses the ",[61,495,496],{},"que"," clause when there is only one subject and switches to an infinitive instead:",[105,499,500,517,532,546,559],{},[108,501,502,504,505,508,509,512,513,516],{},[61,503,463],{}," -> ",[61,506,507],{},"pour"," + infinitive: ",[61,510,511],{},"Je travaille pour réussir."," (I work in order to succeed.) - I work, I succeed: one subject, infinitive. Contrast ",[61,514,515],{},"Je travaille pour que tu réussisses."," (I work so that you succeed.) - two subjects, subjunctive.",[108,518,519,504,521,508,524,527,528,531],{},[61,520,132],{},[61,522,523],{},"avant de",[61,525,526],{},"Je réfléchis avant de parler."," (I think before speaking.) - one subject. Contrast ",[61,529,530],{},"Je réfléchis avant que tu parles."," (I think before you speak.) - two subjects.",[108,533,534,504,536,508,539,456,542,545],{},[61,535,466],{},[61,537,538],{},"afin de",[61,540,541],{},"afin de réussir",[61,543,544],{},"afin que tu réussisses",".",[108,547,548,504,550,508,553,456,556,545],{},[61,549,268],{},[61,551,552],{},"à condition de",[61,554,555],{},"à condition de finir",[61,557,558],{},"à condition que tu finisses",[108,560,561,504,563,508,566,456,569,545],{},[61,562,309],{},[61,564,565],{},"de peur de",[61,567,568],{},"de peur de tomber",[61,570,571],{},"de peur qu'il ne tombe",[57,573,574,575,578,579,377,582,377,585,75,587,589,590,592],{},"A few conjunctions have ",[61,576,577],{},"no"," infinitive shortcut and always keep the subjunctive even with the same subject - ",[61,580,581],{},"bien que",[61,583,584],{},"quoique",[61,586,142],{},[61,588,283],{}," among them. For those, the ",[61,591,496],{}," clause and subjunctive stay put regardless of the subjects.",[97,594,596],{"id":595},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[105,598,599,608,617,626,635,644,652,660],{},[108,600,601,604,605,545],{},[61,602,603],{},"Bien qu'il fasse froid, nous sortons."," (Although it is cold, we are going out.) - bien que + irregular ",[61,606,607],{},"faire",[108,609,610,613,614,545],{},[61,611,612],{},"Je te le dis afin que tu sois prêt."," (I am telling you so that you are ready.) - afin que + irregular ",[61,615,616],{},"être",[108,618,619,622,623,545],{},[61,620,621],{},"Reste ici jusqu'à ce que je revienne."," (Stay here until I come back.) - jusqu'à ce que + ",[61,624,625],{},"revenir",[108,627,628,631,632,545],{},[61,629,630],{},"Tu réussiras pourvu que tu travailles."," (You will succeed provided you work.) - pourvu que + ",[61,633,634],{},"travailler",[108,636,637,640,641,545],{},[61,638,639],{},"Il est sorti sans que personne le voie."," (He went out without anyone seeing him.) - sans que + irregular ",[61,642,643],{},"voir",[108,645,646,649,650,545],{},[61,647,648],{},"Nous partirons à moins qu'il ne fasse trop chaud."," (We will leave unless it is too hot.) - à moins que + ne explétif + ",[61,651,607],{},[108,653,654,656,657,659],{},[61,655,511],{}," (I work in order to succeed.) - same subject, so ",[61,658,507],{}," + infinitive, no subjunctive.",[108,661,662,665],{},[61,663,664],{},"Après qu'il est arrivé, nous avons mangé."," (After he arrived, we ate.) - après que + indicative.",[97,667,669],{"id":668},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[57,671,672,673,675,676,679,680,682,683,686,687,689,690,692,693,695,696,698,699,701,702,377,704,377,706,377,708,710,711,713,714,716],{},"The most common slip is using a ",[61,674,496],{}," clause with a subjunctive when both subjects are the same - \"je travaille pour que je réussisse\" is wrong; one subject means ",[61,677,678],{},"je travaille pour réussir",". The same goes for ",[61,681,132],{},": \"avant que je parte\" with the speaker on both sides should be ",[61,684,685],{},"avant de partir",". A second error is reading the ",[61,688,342],{}," as a negation and adding ",[61,691,350],{}," - \"avant qu'il ne parte pas\" reverses the meaning; the bare ",[61,694,346],{}," is not negative. A third is extending the subjunctive to ",[61,697,409],{}," - the textbook answer is the indicative, ",[61,700,436],{},". Learners also forget that a small set of conjunctions (",[61,703,581],{},[61,705,584],{},[61,707,142],{},[61,709,283],{},") keep the subjunctive even with one subject, because they have no infinitive shortcut. Finally, do not confuse purpose with result: ",[61,712,463],{}," (purpose, subjunctive) is not ",[61,715,477],{}," (result, indicative).",[97,718,720],{"id":719},"see-also","See also",[105,722,723,730,736,742],{},[108,724,725,726,729],{},"The ",[66,727,728],{"href":68},"present subjunctive formation"," page covers how to build every form, including the irregulars (être, avoir, aller, faire, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir) used throughout this page.",[108,731,725,732,735],{},[66,733,734],{"href":73},"subjunctive after necessity and will"," page covers il faut que, vouloir que and the different-subject rule behind the same-subject shortcut here.",[108,737,725,738,741],{},[66,739,740],{"href":78},"subjunctive after doubt, emotion and opinion"," page covers the emotion verbs, the doubt verbs and the negative-and-question flip.",[108,743,725,744,748],{},[66,745,747],{"href":746},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the whole A1-B2 grammar map at a glance.",{"title":750,"searchDepth":751,"depth":751,"links":752},"",2,[753,754,755,756,757,758,759],{"id":99,"depth":751,"text":100},{"id":335,"depth":751,"text":336},{"id":392,"depth":751,"text":393},{"id":485,"depth":751,"text":486},{"id":595,"depth":751,"text":596},{"id":668,"depth":751,"text":669},{"id":719,"depth":751,"text":720},"B2","Using the present subjunctive after conjunctive phrases that always trigger it: bien que, quoique (although); pour que, afin que (so that); avant que (before); jusqu'à ce que (until); à condition que, pourvu que (provided that); sans que (without); de peur que, de crainte que (for fear that); à moins que (unless). Plus the ne explétif, the apres que \u002F indicative contrast, and the same-subject infinitive shortcut (pour que -> pour, avant que -> avant de).","md",[764,767,770],{"q":765,"a":766},"Which French conjunctions always take the subjunctive?","A fixed list: bien que and quoique (although), pour que and afin que (so that), avant que (before), jusqu'à ce que (until), à condition que and pourvu que (provided that), sans que (without), de peur que and de crainte que (for fear that), and à moins que (unless). Every one of them forces the subjunctive on the verb in the clause it introduces, with no exceptions to judge: bien qu'il soit tard (although it is late), je reste jusqu'à ce qu'elle revienne (I am staying until she comes back). Because it is a closed list, the safest strategy is simply to memorise it.",{"q":768,"a":769},"What is the ne explétif and when do you use it?","The ne explétif is a ne that appears after certain conjunctions and verbs without making the sentence negative - it is a stylistic leftover, not a real negation. It turns up optionally after avant que, à moins que, de peur que and de crainte que: avant qu'il ne parte (before he leaves), à moins qu'il ne pleuve (unless it rains). It carries no negative meaning, takes no pas, and you can leave it out in everyday French. It is worth recognising for reading and worth using to sound polished in formal writing, but it never changes the meaning.",{"q":771,"a":772},"Why does après que take the indicative when avant que takes the subjunctive?","Because avant que (before) points at an event that has not yet happened - it is still hypothetical when you speak - so French marks it with the subjunctive. après que (after) points at an event that has actually taken place; it is real and completed, so traditionally it takes the indicative: après qu'il est parti (after he left). In modern usage many French speakers wrongly extend the subjunctive to après que by analogy with avant que, but the textbook and exam answer keeps après que in the indicative.","higher","The cleanest subjunctive triggers of all are the conjunctions, because they are a fixed list rather than a judgement call. Certain conjunctive phrases - bien que, pour que, avant que, à moins que and a handful more - automatically put the verb that follows into the subjunctive, every single time, no exceptions to weigh up. Learn the list and you have learned the rule: bien qu'il soit tard (although it is late), je t'aide pour que tu réussisses (I am helping you so that you succeed). A few details sharpen the picture: some of these conjunctions take an optional ne explétif (avant qu'il ne parte); après que historically takes the indicative because it describes a real, completed event; and when the subjects on both sides match, pour que collapses to pour + infinitive and avant que to avant de + infinitive. This page covers the conjunction list, the ne explétif, the après que contrast and the same-subject shortcut; the forms themselves live on the formation page.","french",{},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-after-conjunctions",{"title":47,"description":761},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjonctif-after-conjunctions","6f5kOoeIZ8wToPVKP14oao4eUdi6wgYushuK6NitAfU",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":783},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":785},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":787},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":789},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",1]