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Speaker",null,{"type":48,"value":49,"toc":681},"minimark",[50,55,59,90,101,115,119,122,138,141,157,165,168,206,209,213,216,239,246,250,257,269,277,284,306,314,318,326,340,343,347,352,355,372,375,379,382,407,411,414,427,431,434,448,451,455,458,626,629,633,666],[51,52,54],"h2",{"id":53},"the-three-slots","The three slots",[56,57,58],"p",{},"A compound directional complement is built in a fixed order. Read it left to right and nothing about it is mysterious.",[60,61,62,70,76],"ul",{},[63,64,65,69],"li",{},[66,67,68],"strong",{},"Verb"," - the action: 走 (zǒu, walk), 拿 (ná, take), 跑 (pǎo, run), 站 (zhàn, stand).",[63,71,72,75],{},[66,73,74],{},"Path word"," - which way: 出 (chū, out), 进 (jìn, in), 上 (shàng, up), 下 (xià, down), 起 (qǐ, rise), 过 (guò, across\u002Fover), 回 (huí, back).",[63,77,78,81,82,85,86,89],{},[66,79,80],{},"来 \u002F 去"," - the viewpoint: 来 (lái) means the motion comes ",[66,83,84],{},"toward"," the speaker; 去 (qù) means it goes ",[66,87,88],{},"away"," from the speaker.",[56,91,92,93,96,97,100],{},"So 走 + 过 + 来 gives 走过来 (zǒu guò lái) - ",[66,94,95],{},"walk over here (toward me)",", and 走 + 过 + 去 gives 走过去 (zǒu guò qù) - ",[66,98,99],{},"walk over there (away from me)",". Same verb, same path, opposite viewpoint. The path word and the deixis word are both complements; stacking the two on a single verb is what makes the complement compound, as opposed to the single 来\u002F去 you get on its own (上来, just come up).",[56,102,103,104,109,110,114],{},"This sits inside the wider family of ",[105,106,108],"a",{"href":107},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcomplements","complements",". The closest relative is the ",[105,111,113],{"href":112},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fresultative-complements","resultative complement",", which bolts a result onto a verb the same way a path bolts a direction onto one.",[51,116,118],{"id":117},"the-来-去-rule-where-is-the-speaker-standing","The 来 \u002F 去 rule: where is the speaker standing",[56,120,121],{},"This is the whole game and learners who skip it produce sentences that are grammatical but point the wrong way. 来 and 去 are deictic: they are decided by the position of the person speaking, not by any fixed compass direction.",[60,123,124,131],{},[63,125,126,127,130],{},"来 = the action moves ",[66,128,129],{},"toward the speaker"," (come).",[63,132,133,134,137],{},"去 = the action moves ",[66,135,136],{},"away from the speaker"," (go).",[56,139,140],{},"Worked through with a single verb and a single path:",[60,142,143,150],{},[63,144,145,146,149],{},"他跑出来了 (tā pǎo chū lái le) - ",[66,147,148],{},"he ran out (toward me)",". I am outside; he comes out to where I am.",[63,151,152,153,156],{},"他跑出去了 (tā pǎo chū qù le) - ",[66,154,155],{},"he ran out (away from me)",". I am inside; he runs out and leaves me behind.",[56,158,159,160,164],{},"Nothing about the running or the doorway changed. Only where I, the speaker, am standing changed, and that flips 来 to 去. The basic standalone 来\u002F去 and the co-verb logic behind direction are covered in ",[105,161,163],{"href":162},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fco-verbs","co-verbs","; here the same toward\u002Faway contrast is just riding on the end of a bigger complement.",[56,166,167],{},"A few standard pairings to fix the pattern:",[60,169,170,180,190,200],{},[63,171,172,173,176,177],{},"拿出来 (ná chū lái) - ",[66,174,175],{},"take it out (toward me)"," \u002F 拿出去 (ná chū qù) - ",[66,178,179],{},"take it out (away from me)",[63,181,182,183,186,187],{},"走进来 (zǒu jìn lái) - ",[66,184,185],{},"walk in (toward me)"," \u002F 走进去 (zǒu jìn qù) - ",[66,188,189],{},"walk in (away from me)",[63,191,192,193,196,197],{},"跑回来 (pǎo huí lái) - ",[66,194,195],{},"run back (toward me)"," \u002F 跑回去 (pǎo huí qù) - ",[66,198,199],{},"run back (away from me)",[63,201,202,203],{},"站起来 (zhàn qǐ lái) - ",[66,204,205],{},"stand up",[56,207,208],{},"Note the last one. 起 only ever takes 来, never 去: things rise toward the standing speaker's eye level, so 站起来 is the only option and there is no 站起去. This is the one fixed exception worth memorising up front.",[51,210,212],{"id":211},"when-you-only-need-one-half","When you only need one half",[56,214,215],{},"You do not always need both a path word and a deixis word. Plenty of verbs take a single directional complement, and a compound is just the case where both slots are filled.",[60,217,218,225,232],{},[63,219,220,221,224],{},"上来 (shàng lái) - ",[66,222,223],{},"come up"," (deixis only, 上 is itself the path here on a bare verb)",[63,226,227,228,231],{},"拿来 (ná lái) - ",[66,229,230],{},"bring (it) here"," (deixis only)",[63,233,234,235,238],{},"走出 (zǒu chū) - ",[66,236,237],{},"walk out"," (path only, more written\u002Fformal, often wants a destination after it)",[56,240,241,242,245],{},"The compound version stacks both because you want to specify the path ",[66,243,244],{},"and"," the viewpoint at once: 拿出来 says both out and toward me, which 拿来 (just toward me) and 拿出 (just out) each only half-say.",[51,247,249],{"id":248},"where-the-object-goes-the-split-that-catches-everyone","Where the object goes: the split that catches everyone",[56,251,252,253,256],{},"Here is the part learners get wrong. When the verb has an object, and the motion is literal, the object usually wants to sit ",[66,254,255],{},"between the path word and 来\u002F去",", not after the whole complement. The complement splits open and the object drops into the gap.",[60,258,259],{},[63,260,261,262,265,266],{},"拿出",[66,263,264],{},"一本书","来 (ná chū yì běn shū lái) - ",[66,267,268],{},"take out a book (toward me)",[56,270,271,272,276],{},"Read the slots: 拿 (verb) + 出 (path) + 一本书 (object) + 来 (deixis). The 来 gets stranded at the very end, after the book. The measure-word phrase 一本书 follows the rules in ",[105,273,275],{"href":274},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclassifiers","classifiers",".",[56,278,279,280,283],{},"This split is strongly preferred when the object is a ",[66,281,282],{},"location",", and obligatory feeling there:",[60,285,286,296],{},[63,287,288,289,292,293],{},"走进",[66,290,291],{},"房间","来 (zǒu jìn fáng jiān lái) - ",[66,294,295],{},"walk into the room (toward me)",[63,297,298,299,302,303],{},"跑回",[66,300,301],{},"家","去 (pǎo huí jiā qù) - ",[66,304,305],{},"run back home (away from me)",[56,307,308,309,313],{},"You cannot say 走进来房间 for the location case - the place name has to land inside, in front of 来\u002F去. For a plain (non-place) object, you have a choice: it may sit in the gap (拿出一本书来) or after the whole thing (拿出来一本书), and the second is common in speech. But the place object has only the split position. If you find that fiddly, the ",[105,310,312],{"href":311},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fba-construction","ba-construction"," is the usual escape hatch - 把书拿出来 (bǎ shū ná chū lái), take the book out - because 把 lifts the object out in front of the verb and leaves the complement intact behind it.",[51,315,317],{"id":316},"了-and-the-directional-complement","了 and the directional complement",[56,319,320,321,325],{},"The perfective ",[105,322,324],{"href":323},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Faspect-markers","aspect marker"," 了 normally lands at the very end of the directional, after 来\u002F去, when the motion is complete.",[60,327,328,334],{},[63,329,330,331],{},"他站起来了 (tā zhàn qǐ lái le) - ",[66,332,333],{},"he stood up",[63,335,336,337],{},"我把书拿出来了 (wǒ bǎ shū ná chū lái le) - ",[66,338,339],{},"I took the book out",[56,341,342],{},"With a split object you will also hear 了 right after the verb in some registers, but the safe, default position is at the tail, after 来\u002F去.",[51,344,346],{"id":345},"common-errors","Common errors",[348,349,351],"h3",{"id":350},"error-1-choosing-来去-from-the-doorway-instead-of-the-speaker","Error 1: choosing 来\u002F去 from the doorway instead of the speaker",[56,353,354],{},"The single most frequent mistake. Learners decide 来\u002F去 from the geography (in versus out) and forget the only thing that matters is where the speaker stands.",[60,356,357],{},[63,358,359,360,363,364,367,368,371],{},"✗ I am outside the house, my friend runs out to join me, and I say 他跑出",[66,361,362],{},"去","了. WRONG for that scene. He is coming toward me, so it must be 他跑出",[66,365,366],{},"来","了 (tā pǎo chū lái le) - ",[66,369,370],{},"he ran out (to where I am)",". 去 would mean he ran out away from me, which is the opposite of what happened.",[56,373,374],{},"Always ask: does the motion end up closer to me (来) or further from me (去)? Decide from your own position, never from the door.",[348,376,378],{"id":377},"error-2-putting-a-place-object-after-来去","Error 2: putting a place object after 来\u002F去",[56,380,381],{},"The location wants the split slot, before 来\u002F去, and learners habitually shove it to the end as English word order tempts them to.",[60,383,384,395],{},[63,385,386,387,390,391,292,393,276],{},"✗ 走进",[66,388,389],{},"来房间"," - WRONG. The room is a location, so it sits inside the complement: 走进",[66,392,291],{},[66,394,295],{},[63,396,397,398,401,402,302,404,276],{},"✗ 跑回",[66,399,400],{},"去家"," - WRONG. 跑回",[66,403,301],{},[66,405,406],{},"run back home",[348,408,410],{"id":409},"error-3-pairing-起-with-去","Error 3: pairing 起 with 去",[56,412,413],{},"起 only takes 来. There is no 站起去.",[60,415,416],{},[63,417,418,419,421,422,424,425,276],{},"✗ 他站起",[66,420,362],{},"了 - WRONG. Rising motion is always 来 in this construction: 他站起",[66,423,366],{},"了 (tā zhàn qǐ lái le) - ",[66,426,333],{},[348,428,430],{"id":429},"error-4-dropping-the-path-word-and-expecting-the-same-meaning","Error 4: dropping the path word and expecting the same meaning",[56,432,433],{},"拿来 and 拿出来 are not the same. The bare deixis loses the out.",[60,435,436,442],{},[63,437,227,438,441],{},[66,439,440],{},"bring it here"," (no information about coming out of anything)",[63,443,172,444,447],{},[66,445,446],{},"take it out, here"," (out of a bag, a drawer, a room, toward me)",[56,449,450],{},"If the object is emerging from inside something, you need the 出, not just the 来.",[51,452,454],{"id":453},"minimal-pairs-side-by-side","Minimal pairs side by side",[56,456,457],{},"Hold the verb and path still, move only the viewpoint, then move only the path. The contrast does the teaching.",[459,460,461,483],"table",{},[462,463,464],"thead",{},[465,466,467,471,474,477,480],"tr",{},[468,469,470],"th",{},"Sentence",[468,472,473],{},"Pinyin",[468,475,476],{},"Toward\u002Faway",[468,478,479],{},"Path",[468,481,482],{},"Gloss",[484,485,486,508,527,548,568,587,605],"tbody",{},[465,487,488,494,497,500,503],{},[489,490,491,492],"td",{},"走过",[66,493,366],{},[489,495,496],{},"zǒu guò lái",[489,498,499],{},"toward me",[489,501,502],{},"over",[489,504,505],{},[66,506,507],{},"walk over (here)",[465,509,510,514,517,520,522],{},[489,511,491,512],{},[66,513,362],{},[489,515,516],{},"zǒu guò qù",[489,518,519],{},"away from me",[489,521,502],{},[489,523,524],{},[66,525,526],{},"walk over (there)",[465,528,529,535,538,540,543],{},[489,530,531,532,366],{},"跑",[66,533,534],{},"出",[489,536,537],{},"pǎo chū lái",[489,539,499],{},[489,541,542],{},"out",[489,544,545],{},[66,546,547],{},"run out (toward me)",[465,549,550,555,558,560,563],{},[489,551,531,552,366],{},[66,553,554],{},"进",[489,556,557],{},"pǎo jìn lái",[489,559,499],{},[489,561,562],{},"in",[489,564,565],{},[66,566,567],{},"run in (toward me)",[465,569,570,575,578,580,582],{},[489,571,572,573,366],{},"拿",[66,574,534],{},[489,576,577],{},"ná chū lái",[489,579,499],{},[489,581,542],{},[489,583,584],{},[66,585,586],{},"take (it) out (toward me)",[465,588,589,593,596,598,600],{},[489,590,572,591,362],{},[66,592,534],{},[489,594,595],{},"ná chū qù",[489,597,519],{},[489,599,542],{},[489,601,602],{},[66,603,604],{},"take (it) out (away)",[465,606,607,613,616,619,622],{},[489,608,609,610,366],{},"站",[66,611,612],{},"起",[489,614,615],{},"zhàn qǐ lái",[489,617,618],{},"(toward, fixed)",[489,620,621],{},"rise",[489,623,624],{},[66,625,205],{},[56,627,628],{},"Same machinery every row: verb, then a path, then the viewpoint word that anchors the whole thing to where the speaker is.",[51,630,632],{"id":631},"what-to-drill","What to drill",[634,635,636,642,648,654,660],"ol",{},[63,637,638,641],{},[66,639,640],{},"Decide 来\u002F去 from your own feet."," Toward the speaker = 来; away from the speaker = 去. The doorway, the room, the compass are all irrelevant. Only your position is.",[63,643,644,647],{},[66,645,646],{},"Build in slots: verb + path + 来\u002F去."," 跑 + 出 + 来 = 跑出来. Say it as three pieces until it fuses.",[63,649,650,653],{},[66,651,652],{},"Park the location inside the complement."," 走进房间来, never 走进来房间. Place objects go in the gap before 来\u002F去, full stop.",[63,655,656,659],{},[66,657,658],{},"Reach for 把 when the object is heavy."," 把书拿出来 keeps the complement whole and dodges the split-object decision entirely.",[63,661,662,665],{},[66,663,664],{},"Memorise 站起来 as fixed."," 起 takes only 来, so this one never varies.",[56,667,668,669,671,672,674,675,678,679,276],{},"For the single 来\u002F去 and the wider direction-of-motion logic, see ",[105,670,163],{"href":162},". For the complement family this belongs to, see ",[105,673,108],{"href":107}," and its near-twin ",[105,676,677],{"href":112},"resultative complements",". For moving the object out in front when the split feels awkward, see the ",[105,680,312],{"href":311},{"title":682,"searchDepth":683,"depth":683,"links":684},"",2,[685,686,687,688,689,690,697,698],{"id":53,"depth":683,"text":54},{"id":117,"depth":683,"text":118},{"id":211,"depth":683,"text":212},{"id":248,"depth":683,"text":249},{"id":316,"depth":683,"text":317},{"id":345,"depth":683,"text":346,"children":691},[692,694,695,696],{"id":350,"depth":693,"text":351},3,{"id":377,"depth":693,"text":378},{"id":409,"depth":693,"text":410},{"id":429,"depth":693,"text":430},{"id":453,"depth":683,"text":454},{"id":631,"depth":683,"text":632},"B2-C1","How Mandarin glues a path word and a deixis word onto a verb to show which way something moves and whether it moves toward or away from the speaker. 站起来 (stand up), 走过去 (walk over there), 拿出来 (take out toward me), and the awkward split 拿出一本书来 where the object lands between the path and 来\u002F去. The 来\u002F去 speaker rule, the object-placement problem, and the errors every learner makes.","md","higher","Mandarin will not let a motion verb stand alone if it can help it. 走 just means walk; to say walk over here you bolt a direction onto the back of it, 走过来, and now the verb carries a path (过, across) and a viewpoint (来, toward me). These are the compound directional complements: a simple verb, plus a path word like 出, 进, 上, 下, 起, 过, 回, plus one of the two deixis words 来 or 去 that fix the motion relative to where the speaker is standing. They are mechanical once you see the slots, but learners trip on two things every time: choosing 来 versus 去, and working out where the object goes when there is one. This page keeps strictly to literal physical motion - 站起来 (stand up), 拿出来 (take it out toward me), 跑回去 (run back over there). The figurative uses, where 起来 means start to and 下去 means keep on, are a separate problem and get their own page.","mandarin",{},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcompound-directional-complements",{"title":45,"description":700},"mandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcompound-directional-complements","Z1FwZrpmExIqgQKBP0wablRwBxHB5-khRE8QbkMRlzw",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":712},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":714},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":716},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":718},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",1]