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Something",null,{"type":48,"value":49,"toc":762},"minimark",[50,55,59,92,106,110,113,142,150,169,172,176,179,216,219,232,235,239,242,260,263,282,285,289,292,312,315,336,339,360,366,370,373,520,523,527,534,571,574,588,592,597,600,618,621,625,628,651,654,658,661,684,687,691,694,706,709,713,746],[51,52,54],"h2",{"id":53},"what-过-actually-marks","What 过 actually marks",[56,57,58],"p",{},"过 is an aspect particle, not a tense. It does not tell you when something happened on a calendar; it tells you that the action has been experienced at least once before the moment of speaking. The standard gloss is 'have ever' or 'have done (at some point)'.",[60,61,62,74,83],"ul",{},[63,64,65,66,70,71],"li",{},"我去",[67,68,69],"strong",{},"过","北京 (wǒ qù guo Běijīng) - ",[67,72,73],{},"I have been to Beijing",[63,75,76,77,79,80],{},"他吃",[67,78,69],{},"北京烤鸭 (tā chī guo Běijīng kǎo yā) - ",[67,81,82],{},"he has eaten Beijing duck (before)",[63,84,85,86,88,89],{},"我们见",[67,87,69],{},"面 (wǒ men jiàn guo miàn) - ",[67,90,91],{},"we have met before",[56,93,94,95,100,101,105],{},"The neutral-tone 过 (guo) sits directly after the verb and before any object: verb + 过 + object. That position is fixed, and it is the same slot the perfective 了 takes, which is exactly why the two get confused. The difference is in what each one claims, not where it goes. 过 belongs to the family of ",[96,97,99],"a",{"href":98},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Faspect-markers","aspect markers"," alongside 了 and the durative ",[96,102,104],{"href":103},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fdurative-zhe","着 (zhe)","; it is the one that reaches back across your whole life and asks whether the thing has ever happened.",[51,107,109],{"id":108},"where-过-sits","Where 过 sits",[56,111,112],{},"The rule is mechanical. 过 clamps onto the verb. The object, if there is one, comes after 过.",[60,114,115,124,133],{},[63,116,117,118,120,121],{},"看",[67,119,69],{},"这本书 (kàn guo zhè běn shū) - ",[67,122,123],{},"have read this book",[63,125,126,127,129,130],{},"学",[67,128,69],{},"中文 (xué guo Zhōng wén) - ",[67,131,132],{},"have studied Chinese",[63,134,135,136,138,139],{},"来",[67,137,69],{},"这里 (lái guo zhè lǐ) - ",[67,140,141],{},"have been here",[56,143,144,145,149],{},"If you want to count the experiences, the frequency phrase goes after 过, with the object trailing or fronted depending on whether it is a place. The counting itself uses the verb-measure words covered under ",[96,146,148],{"href":147},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fclassifiers","classifiers",".",[60,151,152,160],{},[63,153,65,154,156,157],{},[67,155,69],{},"三次北京 (wǒ qù guo sān cì Běijīng) - ",[67,158,159],{},"I have been to Beijing three times",[63,161,162,163,165,166],{},"这部电影我看",[67,164,69],{},"两遍 (zhè bù diàn yǐng wǒ kàn guo liǎng biàn) - ",[67,167,168],{},"I have seen this film twice",[56,170,171],{},"That ability to put a count on it - three times, twice, many times - is a clue to the meaning. You can only tally experiences that are repeatable, and repeatability is the heart of what 过 claims.",[51,173,175],{"id":174},"negation-没过-means-have-never","Negation: 没...过 means 'have never'",[56,177,178],{},"To say you have never had the experience, you negate with 没 (méi) before the verb and keep 过 on the verb. Crucially, you do not drop 过 in the negative the way you drop 了 - 过 stays.",[60,180,181,194,206],{},[63,182,183,184,187,188,190,191],{},"我",[67,185,186],{},"没","去",[67,189,69],{},"北京 (wǒ méi qù guo Běijīng) - ",[67,192,193],{},"I have never been to Beijing",[63,195,196,197,199,200,202,203],{},"他",[67,198,186],{},"吃",[67,201,69],{},"北京烤鸭 (tā méi chī guo Běijīng kǎo yā) - ",[67,204,205],{},"he has never eaten Beijing duck",[63,207,183,208,117,210,212,213],{},[67,209,186],{},[67,211,69],{},"这本书 (wǒ méi kàn guo zhè běn shū) - ",[67,214,215],{},"I have never read this book",[56,217,218],{},"You can stiffen the 'never' with 从来 (cóng lái), 'ever \u002F at all through time':",[60,220,221],{},[63,222,183,223,187,226,228,229],{},[67,224,225],{},"从来没",[67,227,69],{},"那里 (wǒ cóng lái méi qù guo nà lǐ) - ",[67,230,231],{},"I have never once been there",[56,233,234],{},"Note the asymmetry with 了. The negative of a 了 sentence drops 了 entirely - 我没去 (wǒ méi qù), 'I didn't go', has no 了. But the negative of a 过 sentence keeps 过 - 我没去过 (wǒ méi qù guo), 'I have never been'. This is one of the cleanest tests for which particle you are actually dealing with: if the negative still wants the particle on the verb, it is 过, not 了. The 没 versus 不 choice for negation in general is its own topic; the short version is that experiential and completed actions both take 没, never 不.",[51,236,238],{"id":237},"the-repeatability-test","The repeatability test",[56,240,241],{},"过 says the action happened and, by implication, leaves the door open for it to happen again. The experience is on the record, but the record is not closed. This is why 过 pairs naturally with 'again' and with re-counting.",[60,243,244,252],{},[63,245,65,246,248,249],{},[67,247,69],{},"北京，明年想再去 (wǒ qù guo Běijīng, míng nián xiǎng zài qù) - ",[67,250,251],{},"I have been to Beijing, and want to go again next year",[63,253,76,254,256,257],{},[67,255,69],{},"北京烤鸭，还想再吃 (tā chī guo Běijīng kǎo yā, hái xiǎng zài chī) - ",[67,258,259],{},"he has eaten Beijing duck and wants to eat it again",[56,261,262],{},"Compare what happens when the action is, by its nature, unrepeatable. Death is the classic teaching example: a person dies once, so 过 sits awkwardly on it for an individual, whereas 了 fits the single finished event.",[60,264,265,276],{},[63,266,267,268,271,272,275],{},"他爸爸死",[67,269,270],{},"了"," (tā bà ba sǐ le) - ",[67,273,274],{},"his father has died \u002F died"," (single completed event)",[63,277,278,279,281],{},"✗ 他爸爸死",[67,280,69],{}," - ODD for one person. 死过 ('has experienced dying') only works for something that can recur, e.g. a near-death-and-revival story, or generically. For a normal death you want 了.",[56,283,284],{},"The lesson: if you can sensibly imagine the action recurring, 过 is comfortable. If the event is a one-off that closes a chapter, you are usually reaching for 了.",[51,286,288],{"id":287},"过-versus-了-experience-against-completion","过 versus 了: experience against completion",[56,290,291],{},"This is the contrast the whole topic turns on, and it is worth doing slowly. Both 过 and 了 say the action is not in the future. The split is in what kind of claim they make.",[60,293,294,303],{},[63,295,296,298,299,302],{},[67,297,270],{}," reports a ",[67,300,301],{},"specific completed event",". Something happened, it finished, and we are often interested in the result or the next thing.",[63,304,305,307,308,311],{},[67,306,69],{}," reports an ",[67,309,310],{},"experience that happened at least once",". We are interested in whether it has ever occurred, not in any particular instance.",[56,313,314],{},"Hold the verb still and swap the particle:",[60,316,317,327],{},[63,318,319,320,322,323,326],{},"我吃",[67,321,270],{},"北京烤鸭 (wǒ chī le Běijīng kǎo yā) - ",[67,324,325],{},"I ate the Beijing duck"," (just now \u002F on that occasion; the duck is gone, the event is done)",[63,328,319,329,331,332,335],{},[67,330,69],{},"北京烤鸭 (wǒ chī guo Běijīng kǎo yā) - ",[67,333,334],{},"I have eaten Beijing duck (before)"," (at some point in my life; it is an experience I possess)",[56,337,338],{},"The first invites a follow-up about that meal - was it good, are you full. The second invites a follow-up about your life - what was it like, when did you first try it. Two more:",[60,340,341,351],{},[63,342,343,344,346,347,350],{},"他去",[67,345,270],{},"上海 (tā qù le Shàng hǎi) - ",[67,348,349],{},"he has gone to Shanghai"," (and the natural reading is he is there now or on his way; a specific trip)",[63,352,343,353,355,356,359],{},[67,354,69],{},"上海 (tā qù guo Shàng hǎi) - ",[67,357,358],{},"he has been to Shanghai"," (he is not necessarily there now; the point is the experience, and he has come back)",[56,361,362,363,365],{},"That last pair is the textbook one because the difference in real-world meaning is so sharp. 去了 with no further context suggests he went and is away. 去过 says he went at some time and the trip is over - the experience remains, the person is back. The completion-marking 了 is treated in full under ",[96,364,99],{"href":98},"; here the only job is to keep it apart from 过.",[51,367,369],{"id":368},"minimal-pairs-side-by-side","Minimal pairs side by side",[56,371,372],{},"The cleanest way to feel the contrast is to move only the particle and watch the meaning shift from event to experience.",[374,375,376,398],"table",{},[377,378,379],"thead",{},[380,381,382,386,389,392,395],"tr",{},[383,384,385],"th",{},"Sentence",[383,387,388],{},"Pinyin",[383,390,391],{},"Particle",[383,393,394],{},"Claim",[383,396,397],{},"Gloss",[399,400,401,422,441,461,480,501],"tbody",{},[380,402,403,409,412,414,417],{},[404,405,319,406,408],"td",{},[67,407,270],{},"饭",[404,410,411],{},"wǒ chī le fàn",[404,413,270],{},[404,415,416],{},"specific event completed",[404,418,419],{},[67,420,421],{},"I have eaten \u002F I ate",[380,423,424,428,431,433,436],{},[404,425,319,426,408],{},[67,427,69],{},[404,429,430],{},"wǒ chī guo fàn",[404,432,69],{},[404,434,435],{},"experience, at least once",[404,437,438],{},[67,439,440],{},"I have eaten (before)",[380,442,443,448,451,453,456],{},[404,444,343,445,447],{},[67,446,270],{},"北京",[404,449,450],{},"tā qù le Běijīng",[404,452,270],{},[404,454,455],{},"a particular trip, often away now",[404,457,458],{},[67,459,460],{},"he has gone to Beijing",[380,462,463,467,470,472,475],{},[404,464,343,465,447],{},[67,466,69],{},[404,468,469],{},"tā qù guo Běijīng",[404,471,69],{},[404,473,474],{},"has the experience, is back",[404,476,477],{},[67,478,479],{},"he has been to Beijing",[380,481,482,488,491,493,496],{},[404,483,484,485,487],{},"我看",[67,486,270],{},"那本书",[404,489,490],{},"wǒ kàn le nà běn shū",[404,492,270],{},[404,494,495],{},"finished reading it (then)",[404,497,498],{},[67,499,500],{},"I read that book",[380,502,503,507,510,512,515],{},[404,504,484,505,487],{},[67,506,69],{},[404,508,509],{},"wǒ kàn guo nà běn shū",[404,511,69],{},[404,513,514],{},"have read it at some point",[404,516,517],{},[67,518,519],{},"I have read that book",[56,521,522],{},"Same verbs, same objects, one particle apart. The 了 column reports occasions; the 过 column reports your CV of experiences.",[51,524,526],{"id":525},"asking-about-experience","Asking about experience",[56,528,529,530,149],{},"The natural question forms for 过 ask 'have you ever'. Use the verb-not-verb pattern with 没有, or tack 吗 on the end. These are standard ",[96,531,533],{"href":532},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fquestion-words","question-word and yes-no patterns",[60,535,536,548,559],{},[63,537,538,539,447,541,544,545],{},"你去",[67,540,69],{},[67,542,543],{},"吗","？ (nǐ qù guo Běijīng ma) - ",[67,546,547],{},"have you ever been to Beijing?",[63,549,538,550,447,552,555,556],{},[67,551,69],{},[67,553,554],{},"没有","？ (nǐ qù guo Běijīng méi yǒu) - ",[67,557,558],{},"have you been to Beijing or not?",[63,560,561,562,564,565,567,568],{},"你吃",[67,563,69],{},"北京烤鸭",[67,566,543],{},"？ (nǐ chī guo Běijīng kǎo yā ma) - ",[67,569,570],{},"have you ever eaten Beijing duck?",[56,572,573],{},"The honest 'not yet' answer keeps 过 and reaches for 还没 (hái méi), 'not yet':",[60,575,576],{},[63,577,183,578,187,581,583,584,587],{},[67,579,580],{},"还没",[67,582,69],{}," (wǒ hái méi qù guo) - ",[67,585,586],{},"I haven't been yet"," (leaving the door open, which suits 过 perfectly)",[51,589,591],{"id":590},"common-errors","Common errors",[593,594,596],"h3",{"id":595},"error-1-dropping-过-in-the-negative","Error 1: dropping 过 in the negative",[56,598,599],{},"The single most common slip. Learners model the negative on 了, where the particle vanishes, and wrongly strip 过 too.",[60,601,602,611],{},[63,603,604,605,187,607,190,609,149],{},"✗ 我没去北京 - WRONG if you mean 'I have never been'. This reads as 'I didn't go to Beijing' (a missed specific trip). For 'never been' you must keep 过: 我",[67,606,186],{},[67,608,69],{},[67,610,193],{},[63,612,183,613,117,615,617],{},[67,614,186],{},[67,616,69],{},"这本书 (wǒ méi kàn guo zhè běn shū) - CORRECT. 没 in front, 过 stays on the verb.",[56,619,620],{},"Rule: 了 disappears under negation, 过 does not.",[593,622,624],{"id":623},"error-2-using-过-for-a-single-recent-finished-action","Error 2: using 过 for a single recent finished action",[56,626,627],{},"If the event just happened and you are reporting its completion, you want 了, not 过. 过 drags in the unwanted 'at some point in life, and repeatable' flavour.",[60,629,630,642],{},[63,631,632,633,635,636,638,639,149],{},"✗ 我刚才吃",[67,634,69],{},"饭 - ODD. With 刚才 (gāng cái, 'just now') you are reporting a specific completed meal, so use 了: 我刚才吃",[67,637,270],{},"饭 (wǒ gāng cái chī le fàn) - ",[67,640,641],{},"I just ate",[63,643,319,644,646,647,650],{},[67,645,69],{},"饭 (wǒ chī guo fàn) - CORRECT but means ",[67,648,649],{},"I have eaten (before \u002F already, so I'm not hungry)",", an experiential\u002Fstate reading, not a report of one recent meal.",[56,652,653],{},"Rule: a specific, just-completed event is 了; a life-experience is 过.",[593,655,657],{"id":656},"error-3-putting-过-after-the-object","Error 3: putting 过 after the object",[56,659,660],{},"过 clamps to the verb, never to the object. The object follows 过.",[60,662,663,673],{},[63,664,665,666,668,669,70,671,149],{},"✗ 我去北京",[67,667,69],{}," - WRONG. 过 must hug the verb: 我去",[67,670,69],{},[67,672,73],{},[63,674,675,676,678,679,79,681,149],{},"✗ 他吃北京烤鸭",[67,677,69],{}," - WRONG. 他吃",[67,680,69],{},[67,682,683],{},"he has eaten Beijing duck",[56,685,686],{},"Rule: verb + 过 + object, every time.",[593,688,690],{"id":689},"error-4-stacking-过-on-an-action-that-cannot-recur","Error 4: stacking 过 on an action that cannot recur",[56,692,693],{},"过 implies repeatability. Slap it on a genuinely one-off event for one individual and it reads as strange or science-fictional.",[60,695,696],{},[63,697,278,698,700,701,271,703,149],{},[67,699,69],{}," - ODD for a normal death (reads as 'has experienced dying', i.e. died and came back). Use 了: 他爸爸死",[67,702,270],{},[67,704,705],{},"his father died \u002F has died",[56,707,708],{},"Rule: if the action closes a chapter and cannot sensibly happen again, prefer 了.",[51,710,712],{"id":711},"what-to-drill","What to drill",[714,715,716,722,728,734,740],"ol",{},[63,717,718,721],{},[67,719,720],{},"Read 过 as 'have ever', not 'did'."," 我去过北京 is 'I have been to Beijing', an experience on the record, not a report of one trip. If English wants the present perfect 'have ever done', Mandarin usually wants 过.",[63,723,724,727],{},[67,725,726],{},"Keep 过 in the negative."," 没...过 means 'have never'. The particle survives negation; only 了 vanishes. 我没去过 ('never been'), not 我没去 ('didn't go').",[63,729,730,733],{},[67,731,732],{},"Run the repeatability check."," If the action could happen again, 过 is comfortable and pairs with 再 ('again') and a count of times. If it is a one-off that ends something, lean towards 了.",[63,735,736,739],{},[67,737,738],{},"Hold the verb still and swap 了 \u002F 过."," 吃了饭 (ate, then) versus 吃过饭 (have eaten, ever). 去了北京 (a trip, often away now) versus 去过北京 (the experience, and back). Same words, event versus CV.",[63,741,742,745],{},[67,743,744],{},"Hug the verb with 过."," Verb + 过 + object. 去过北京, never 去北京过.",[56,747,748,749,751,752,755,756,758,759,149],{},"For the completion-marking 了 and the durative 着 that round out the aspect system, see ",[96,750,99],{"href":98}," and ",[96,753,754],{"href":103},"the durative 着",". For counting experiences with 次 and 遍, see ",[96,757,148],{"href":147},". For framing the 'have you ever' question, see ",[96,760,761],{"href":532},"question words and yes-no questions",{"title":763,"searchDepth":764,"depth":764,"links":765},"",2,[766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,780],{"id":53,"depth":764,"text":54},{"id":108,"depth":764,"text":109},{"id":174,"depth":764,"text":175},{"id":237,"depth":764,"text":238},{"id":287,"depth":764,"text":288},{"id":368,"depth":764,"text":369},{"id":525,"depth":764,"text":526},{"id":590,"depth":764,"text":591,"children":774},[775,777,778,779],{"id":595,"depth":776,"text":596},3,{"id":623,"depth":776,"text":624},{"id":656,"depth":776,"text":657},{"id":689,"depth":776,"text":690},{"id":711,"depth":764,"text":712},"B2-C1","The aspect particle 过 (guò) marks an experience that has happened at least once in life: 我去过北京 (wǒ qù guo Běijīng) - I have been to Beijing. This page covers where 过 sits, how it negates with 没...过 (我没看过 - I have never seen it), why 过 keeps the action repeatable while 了 reports a single finished event, and the minimal pairs (吃了 vs 吃过) that separate completion from experience.","md","higher","过 (guò) is the particle that lets you say you have ever done something. 我去过北京 (wǒ qù guo Běijīng) is not 'I went to Beijing' in the sense of a trip you took on Tuesday - it is 'I have been to Beijing', at some point, at least once, the experience is now on your record. That distinction is the whole point of 过 and it is the thing learners most often blur, because English collapses 'I went' and 'I have been' far more readily than Mandarin does. Mandarin keeps a clean line: 了 reports a specific event that completed, 过 reports an experience that happened and could happen again. Get the line wrong and you say 'I have eaten Beijing duck once' when you meant 'I just finished the duck', or the reverse. This page nails down where 过 sits, how you say you have never done the thing (没...过), why 过 leaves the door open for a repeat, and the 了 \u002F 过 minimal pairs that make the contrast impossible to ignore.","mandarin",{},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fguo-experiential",{"title":45,"description":782},"mandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fguo-experiential","6lkmIHF6PbNFhxcWvsISdBEqN7iiOC9O8ADYgeOWZIk",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":794},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":796},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":798},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":800},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",1]