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Particle",null,{"type":44,"value":45,"toc":265},"minimark",[46,51,58,80,83,87,90,106,109,113,116,136,139,142,156,160,163,177,184,188,191,205,208,212,215,223,226,230,257],[47,48,50],"h2",{"id":49},"the-basic-pattern","The basic pattern",[52,53,54],"p",{},[55,56,57],"strong",{},"Possessor + 的 + Possessed thing.",[59,60,61,65,68,71,74,77],"ul",{},[62,63,64],"li",{},"我的书 (wǒ de shū) - my book",[62,66,67],{},"你的车 (nǐ de chē) - your car",[62,69,70],{},"他的电话 (tā de diàn huà) - his phone",[62,72,73],{},"老师的车 (lǎo shī de chē) - the teacher's car",[62,75,76],{},"小猫的尾巴 (xiǎo māo de wěi ba) - the little cat's tail",[62,78,79],{},"我朋友的房子 (wǒ péng you de fáng zi) - my friend's house",[52,81,82],{},"Same structure for pronouns and full nouns. The possessor sits first, 的 in the middle, the possessed noun at the end.",[47,84,86],{"id":85},"my-and-mine-are-the-same-word","'My' and 'mine' are the same word",[52,88,89],{},"English splits possessives into two sets: my\u002Fyour\u002Fhis\u002Fher (adjectives, attached to a noun) and mine\u002Fyours\u002Fhis\u002Fhers (pronouns, standing alone). Mandarin uses one form for both.",[59,91,92,99],{},[62,93,94,95,98],{},"这是我的书。(Zhè shì wǒ de shū.) - This is ",[55,96,97],{},"my"," book.",[62,100,101,102,105],{},"这本书是我的。(Zhè běn shū shì wǒ de.) - This book is ",[55,103,104],{},"mine",".",[52,107,108],{},"In the second sentence, the noun has been dropped because it's already known from context. 我的 by itself reads as 'mine'.",[47,110,112],{"id":111},"when-的-gets-dropped-close-relations","When 的 gets dropped: close relations",[52,114,115],{},"For close family and very close personal relationships, native speakers usually drop the 的. Keeping it sounds slightly formal, slightly distancing.",[59,117,118,121,124,127,130,133],{},[62,119,120],{},"我妈 \u002F 我妈妈 (wǒ mā) - my mum (NOT 我的妈妈)",[62,122,123],{},"我爸 (wǒ bà) - my dad",[62,125,126],{},"我哥 (wǒ gē) - my older brother",[62,128,129],{},"我朋友 (wǒ péng you) - my friend",[62,131,132],{},"我们公司 (wǒ men gōng sī) - our company (the company you work for, treated as 'ours')",[62,134,135],{},"我家 (wǒ jiā) - my home \u002F my family",[52,137,138],{},"The rule of thumb: if it's a person or institution you're emotionally attached to, drop the 的. If it's an object, keep it.",[52,140,141],{},"Compare:",[59,143,144,147,150,153],{},[62,145,146],{},"我妈 (my mum) - close relation, 的 dropped",[62,148,149],{},"我的电话 (my phone) - object, 的 kept",[62,151,152],{},"他爸 (his dad) - close relation, dropped",[62,154,155],{},"他的车 (his car) - object, kept",[47,157,159],{"id":158},"的-isnt-only-for-possession","的 isn't only for possession",[52,161,162],{},"The same particle is the general modifier marker between an adjective phrase and a noun. The 'possession' use is one slice of a bigger pattern.",[59,164,165,168,171,174],{},[62,166,167],{},"红色的衣服 (hóng sè de yī fu) - red clothes (adjective modifies noun)",[62,169,170],{},"很贵的手机 (hěn guì de shǒu jī) - a very expensive phone",[62,172,173],{},"我买的书 (wǒ mǎi de shū) - the book I bought (clause modifies noun)",[62,175,176],{},"昨天来的人 (zuó tiān lái de rén) - the person who came yesterday",[52,178,179,180,183],{},"The rule across all uses: ",[55,181,182],{},"A 的 B"," means 'A that modifies \u002F belongs to \u002F describes B'.",[47,185,187],{"id":186},"的-as-a-nominaliser-the-x-one","的 as a nominaliser ('the X one')",[52,189,190],{},"When the noun gets dropped, 的 + previous phrase reads as 'the X one'. This is the same trick as 我的 = 'mine'.",[59,192,193,196,199,202],{},[62,194,195],{},"红色的 (hóng sè de) - the red one",[62,197,198],{},"我买的 (wǒ mǎi de) - the one I bought",[62,200,201],{},"老师的 (lǎo shī de) - the teacher's one",[62,203,204],{},"便宜的 (pián yi de) - the cheap one",[52,206,207],{},"The 'one' is implied by 的 alone. You don't add a placeholder noun.",[47,209,211],{"id":210},"chaining-possessors","Chaining possessors",[52,213,214],{},"You can stack possessors with multiple 的, though native speakers tend to keep these short.",[59,216,217,220],{},[62,218,219],{},"我朋友的妈妈 (wǒ péng you de mā ma) - my friend's mum",[62,221,222],{},"老师的儿子的车 (lǎo shī de ér zi de chē) - the teacher's son's car",[52,224,225],{},"Two 的s is comfortable. Three is borderline. Four is usually rewritten.",[47,227,229],{"id":228},"what-to-internalise","What to internalise",[231,232,233,239,245,251],"ol",{},[62,234,235,238],{},[55,236,237],{},"Default: possessor + 的 + thing."," 我的书, 老师的车. This shape covers most cases.",[62,240,241,244],{},[55,242,243],{},"Drop 的 for close family and friends."," 我妈, 我哥, 我朋友. Keeping it sounds stiff.",[62,246,247,250],{},[55,248,249],{},"的 is the general modifier glue."," Adjectives, clauses, possessors - they all attach to nouns via 的.",[62,252,253,256],{},[55,254,255],{},"'Mine' and 'my' are the same word."," Drop the noun, 的 carries the 'one' meaning.",[52,258,259,260,105],{},"For the wider grammar map, see the ",[261,262,264],"a",{"href":263},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcheatsheet","Mandarin grammar cheatsheet",{"title":266,"searchDepth":267,"depth":267,"links":268},"",2,[269,270,271,272,273,274,275],{"id":49,"depth":267,"text":50},{"id":85,"depth":267,"text":86},{"id":111,"depth":267,"text":112},{"id":158,"depth":267,"text":159},{"id":186,"depth":267,"text":187},{"id":210,"depth":267,"text":211},{"id":228,"depth":267,"text":229},"A1-A2","How Mandarin marks possession with the 的 particle. The 我的书 \u002F 老师的车 pattern, the close-relation cases where 的 is dropped (我妈, 我哥, 我朋友), and 的 as a general nominaliser.","md","foundation","Mandarin doesn't have possessive adjectives the way English does - no separate 'my', 'your', 'his'. Instead it bolts the particle 的 (de) onto a personal pronoun or noun to mark it as the possessor. 我的 (wǒ de) is 'my' or 'mine'. 老师的车 (lǎo shī de chē) is 'the teacher's car'. The structure is reliable, but the same 的 quietly does several other jobs (modifier marker, nominaliser), and there's one common case where it gets dropped. This page covers all of it.","mandarin",{},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpossession-with-de",{"title":41,"description":277},"mandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpossession-with-de","dpc5Q5ALbY7b4GjHWHMtNsr4HG9eu-ykBIzAfKllEME",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":289},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":291},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":293},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":295},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",1781531945768]