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one-line test for each",[56,57,58],"p",{},"Forget the meanings for a moment and look only at what sits on either side of the particle. Position alone decides which character you need.",[60,61,62,70,76],"ul",{},[63,64,65,69],"li",{},[66,67,68],"strong",{},"的"," glues a modifier to a NOUN that follows it. Something + 的 + noun.",[63,71,72,75],{},[66,73,74],{},"得"," hangs a complement off a VERB or adjective that precedes it. Verb + 得 + complement.",[63,77,78,81],{},[66,79,80],{},"地"," turns a description into the MANNER of a verb that follows it. Description + 地 + verb.",[56,83,84],{},"So 的 points forward to a noun, 得 points back to a verb, and 地 points forward to a verb. That is the whole system. Everything below is detail.",[51,86,88],{"id":87},"的-modifier-plus-noun","的: modifier plus noun",[56,90,91],{},"的 is the attributive particle. Whatever sits in front of it is describing the noun that comes after. The thing in front can be a pronoun, an adjective, or a whole clause - it makes no difference, the noun is always next.",[60,93,94,104,114,124],{},[63,95,96,97,99,100,103],{},"我",[66,98,68],{},"书 (wǒ de shū) - ",[66,101,102],{},"my book"," (pronoun describes noun)",[63,105,106,107,109,110,113],{},"红",[66,108,68],{},"车 (hóng de chē) - ",[66,111,112],{},"the red car"," (adjective describes noun)",[63,115,116,117,119,120,123],{},"跑",[66,118,68],{},"人 (pǎo de rén) - ",[66,121,122],{},"the person who is running"," (verb\u002Fclause describes noun)",[63,125,126,127,129,130,133],{},"老师",[66,128,68],{},"话 (lǎo shī de huà) - ",[66,131,132],{},"the teacher's words"," (noun describes noun)",[56,135,136,137,142,143,147],{},"The test: if a noun follows, you want 的. This is the possessive 我的书 and the general modifier marker rolled into one character. The basic possession side of this is covered in ",[138,139,141],"a",{"href":140},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpossession-with-de","possession with 的","; the clause-before-noun side, where a whole sentence sits in front of 的, gets its own treatment in ",[138,144,146],{"href":145},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Frelative-clauses-de","relative clauses with 的",".",[51,149,151],{"id":150},"得-verb-plus-complement","得: verb plus complement",[56,153,154],{},"得 attaches a complement to the verb or adjective in front of it. The complement tells you how well, how much, or whether the action can be completed. The verb comes first, 得 second, the descriptor last.",[60,156,157,166,175,185],{},[63,158,116,159,161,162,165],{},[66,160,74],{},"快 (pǎo de kuài) - ",[66,163,164],{},"runs fast"," (manner: how the running goes)",[63,167,168,169,171,172],{},"说",[66,170,74],{},"很好 (shuō de hěn hǎo) - ",[66,173,174],{},"speaks very well",[63,176,177,178,180,181,184],{},"高兴",[66,179,74],{},"跳起来 (gāo xìng de tiào qǐ lái) - ",[66,182,183],{},"so happy he jumped up"," (degree: how happy)",[63,186,187,188,190,191,194],{},"看",[66,189,74],{},"见 (kàn de jiàn) - ",[66,192,193],{},"can see"," (potential: whether seeing succeeds)",[56,196,197,198,202,203,207],{},"The test: if the de sits after a verb and pulls a descriptor or result behind it, you want 得. This is the manner complement (跑得快), the degree complement (高兴得跳起来 - happy to the point of jumping) and the potential complement (看得见 - able to see) all using the same particle. The full mechanics of these live in ",[138,199,201],{"href":200},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcomplements","complements"," and ",[138,204,206],{"href":205},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpotential-complements","potential complements","; here all you need is the rule that 得 follows a verb.",[51,209,211],{"id":210},"地-manner-plus-verb","地: manner plus verb",[56,213,214],{},"地 turns an adjective or descriptive phrase into an adverbial, marking the MANNER in which the following verb is performed. The description comes first, 地 second, the verb last.",[60,216,217,227,236,245],{},[63,218,219,220,222,223,226],{},"慢慢",[66,221,80],{},"走 (màn màn de zǒu) - ",[66,224,225],{},"walks slowly"," (slowly colours the walking)",[63,228,177,229,231,232,235],{},[66,230,80],{},"说 (gāo xìng de shuō) - ",[66,233,234],{},"says happily"," (happily colours the saying)",[63,237,238,239,241,242],{},"认真",[66,240,80],{},"学习 (rèn zhēn de xué xí) - ",[66,243,244],{},"studies seriously",[63,246,247,248,250,251],{},"大声",[66,249,80],{},"笑 (dà shēng de xiào) - ",[66,252,253],{},"laughs loudly",[56,255,256],{},"The test: if the de sits before a verb and the thing in front is describing how that verb is done, you want 地. The description always comes before the action it modifies, exactly the reverse of where 得 puts things.",[51,258,260],{"id":259},"the-two-errors-that-catch-everyone","The two errors that catch everyone",[262,263,265],"h3",{"id":264},"error-1-writing-的-for-all-three","Error 1: writing 的 for all three",[56,267,268],{},"Because all three sound identical, the lazy default is to write 的 everywhere. It is wrong in two of the three cases, and it is the single most common slip in learner (and native) writing.",[60,270,271,283,294],{},[63,272,273,274,276,277,279,280,147],{},"✗ 他跑",[66,275,68],{},"快 - WRONG. A verb (跑) is in front, so this needs 得: 他跑",[66,278,74],{},"快 (tā pǎo de kuài) - ",[66,281,282],{},"he runs fast",[63,284,285,286,288,289,222,291,147],{},"✗ 慢慢",[66,287,68],{},"走 - WRONG. A verb (走) follows, so this needs 地: 慢慢",[66,290,80],{},[66,292,293],{},"walk slowly",[63,295,96,296,298,299,147],{},[66,297,68],{},"书 - CORRECT. A noun (书) follows, so 的 is right: ",[66,300,102],{},[56,302,303],{},"Run the position test every time and the default disappears.",[262,305,307],{"id":306},"error-2-confusing-得-and-地-because-both-describe-manner","Error 2: confusing 得 and 地 because both describe manner",[56,309,310],{},"This is the subtle one. Both 得 and 地 can attach a word like 'fast' or 'happy' to an action, so learners treat them as interchangeable. They are not. The difference is which side of the verb the descriptor sits on.",[60,312,313,321],{},[63,314,315,316,231,318,320],{},"地 puts the description BEFORE the verb: 高兴",[66,317,80],{},[66,319,234],{},". You are about to describe an action and you announce the manner first.",[63,322,323,324,326,327,330],{},"得 puts the description AFTER the verb: 说",[66,325,74],{},"高兴 (shuō de gāo xìng) - ",[66,328,329],{},"talks away happily \u002F talks and is happy doing it",". The action happens, then you comment on how it went.",[56,332,333],{},"Same three words, different particle, different timing. 地 sets up the manner in advance (the adverb of English: 'he spoke happily'). 得 reports on the result or quality after the fact (closer to 'he spoke, and well \u002F happily he did'). When the descriptor comes first, it is 地; when it trails the verb, it is 得.",[51,335,337],{"id":336},"minimal-pairs-side-by-side","Minimal pairs side by side",[56,339,340],{},"The cleanest way to feel the system is to hold the same vocabulary still and move only the particle.",[342,343,344,366],"table",{},[345,346,347],"thead",{},[348,349,350,354,357,360,363],"tr",{},[351,352,353],"th",{},"Sentence",[351,355,356],{},"Pinyin",[351,358,359],{},"Particle",[351,361,362],{},"Why",[351,364,365],{},"Gloss",[367,368,369,388,407,427,446,466],"tbody",{},[348,370,371,376,379,381,384],{},[372,373,177,374,168],"td",{},[66,375,80],{},[372,377,378],{},"gāo xìng de shuō",[372,380,80],{},[372,382,383],{},"description before the verb 说",[372,385,386],{},[66,387,234],{},[348,389,390,394,397,399,402],{},[372,391,168,392,177],{},[66,393,74],{},[372,395,396],{},"shuō de gāo xìng",[372,398,74],{},[372,400,401],{},"complement after the verb 说",[372,403,404],{},[66,405,406],{},"talks away happily",[348,408,409,414,417,419,422],{},[372,410,177,411,413],{},[66,412,68],{},"人",[372,415,416],{},"gāo xìng de rén",[372,418,68],{},[372,420,421],{},"noun 人 follows",[372,423,424],{},[66,425,426],{},"a happy person",[348,428,429,434,437,439,442],{},[372,430,219,431,433],{},[66,432,80],{},"走",[372,435,436],{},"màn màn de zǒu",[372,438,80],{},[372,440,441],{},"description before the verb 走",[372,443,444],{},[66,445,225],{},[348,447,448,453,456,458,461],{},[372,449,433,450,452],{},[66,451,74],{},"很慢",[372,454,455],{},"zǒu de hěn màn",[372,457,74],{},[372,459,460],{},"complement after the verb 走",[372,462,463],{},[66,464,465],{},"walks very slowly",[348,467,468,474,477,479,482],{},[372,469,470,471,473],{},"慢",[66,472,68],{},"车",[372,475,476],{},"màn de chē",[372,478,68],{},[372,480,481],{},"noun 车 follows",[372,483,484],{},[66,485,486],{},"a slow car",[56,488,489],{},"Three jobs, three characters, one sound. The vocabulary is nearly identical down each column; only the particle and its position change.",[51,491,493],{"id":492},"where-地-can-be-dropped","Where 地 can be dropped",[56,495,496],{},"地 is the most droppable of the three. With certain adverbials it is optional, and with a few it is normally left out altogether.",[60,498,499,504,511],{},[63,500,501,502,147],{},"Reduplicated adjectives often keep 地 but can drop it in casual speech: 慢慢(地)走 (màn màn (de) zǒu) - ",[66,503,293],{},[63,505,506,507,510],{},"Two-syllable manner adverbs that have become fixed usually drop it: 努力学习 (nǔ lì xué xí) - ",[66,508,509],{},"study hard",", rather than the heavier 努力地学习.",[63,512,513,514,517],{},"Set adverbs of degree and frequency never take 地 at all: 很 (very), 都 (all), 也 (also), 常常 (often) attach straight to the verb with no particle - 常常去 (cháng cháng qù), ",[66,515,516],{},"often goes",", never 常常地去.",[56,519,520],{},"By contrast, 的 before a noun and 得 before a verb-complement are structural and cannot be dropped: 我书 and 跑快 are both wrong. So when in doubt about whether the de is droppable, the answer is only ever yes for 地.",[51,522,524],{"id":523},"what-to-drill","What to drill",[526,527,528,534,540,546,552],"ol",{},[63,529,530,533],{},[66,531,532],{},"Use the position test, not the meaning."," Noun after = 的; complement after a verb = 得; verb after a description = 地. The character is decided by the slot.",[63,535,536,539],{},[66,537,538],{},"Stop defaulting to 的."," It is right only when a noun follows. A verb in front needs 得; a verb behind needs 地.",[63,541,542,545],{},[66,543,544],{},"Drill the 得 \u002F 地 pair on manner."," Description before the verb is 地 (高兴地说); description after the verb is 得 (说得高兴). Same words, opposite order.",[63,547,548,551],{},[66,549,550],{},"Remember 地 is the droppable one."," Reduplicated and fixed adverbs can lose it; 的 and 得 are structural and stay.",[63,553,554,557],{},[66,555,556],{},"Read the minimal pairs aloud."," Hearing 高兴地说 \u002F 说得高兴 \u002F 高兴的人 back to back trains the slot, not the sound.",[56,559,560,561,202,563,565,566,568,569,147],{},"For the attributive 的 in detail, see ",[138,562,141],{"href":140},[138,564,146],{"href":145},". For the 得 complement mechanics, see ",[138,567,201],{"href":200},". For how descriptive words behave as predicates in the first place, see ",[138,570,572],{"href":571},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadjective-as-predicate","adjectives as stative verbs",{"title":574,"searchDepth":575,"depth":575,"links":576},"",2,[577,578,579,580,581,586,587,588],{"id":53,"depth":575,"text":54},{"id":87,"depth":575,"text":88},{"id":150,"depth":575,"text":151},{"id":210,"depth":575,"text":211},{"id":259,"depth":575,"text":260,"children":582},[583,585],{"id":264,"depth":584,"text":265},3,{"id":306,"depth":584,"text":307},{"id":336,"depth":575,"text":337},{"id":492,"depth":575,"text":493},{"id":523,"depth":575,"text":524},"B1-B2","The three homophone particles all pronounced de. 的 links a modifier to a noun (我的书, 红的车, 跑的人), 得 attaches a complement of degree or potential to a verb (跑得快, 高兴得跳起来, 看得见), and 地 turns a description into the manner of the action that follows (慢慢地走, 高兴地说). The position test for each, the classic learner errors, worked minimal pairs, and where 地 can be dropped.","md","higher","Three of the most common particles in Mandarin are all written differently, do completely different jobs, and are pronounced exactly the same: de, neutral tone. 的, 得 and 地 are the great homophone trap of written Chinese, and native speakers themselves muddle them online. The good news for a learner is that they never overlap: each one occupies a fixed slot relative to nouns and verbs, so the character is decided entirely by position, not by meaning you have to feel. Once you know that 的 sits before a noun, 得 sits after a verb to introduce a complement, and 地 sits before a verb to colour how it is done, the choice becomes mechanical. This page gives you the one-line test for each, the minimal pairs that expose the difference, and the two errors that catch almost everyone.","mandarin",{},"\u002Fmandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fthree-de",{"title":45,"description":590},"mandarin\u002Fgrammar\u002Fthree-de","Sow1laZUhl4ZcZF2W3cOBIasWUE0Xv3QH3vx5oyf-8M",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":602},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":604},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":606},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":608},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",1]