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truth.",{"sentence":463,"translation":464,"audio":45},"¿Le has mandado el correo a ella?","Have you sent her the email?",{"sentence":466,"translation":467,"audio":45},"Le preguntaron su nombre al policía.","They asked the police officer his name.",{"sentence":469,"translation":470,"audio":45},"Le compré un regalo precioso para su cumpleaños.","I bought her a lovely present for her birthday.",{"sentence":472,"translation":473,"audio":45},"Cuando le llamen del trabajo, no conteste todavía.","When work calls him, do not pick up yet.",[475,496,517,536,559],[476,478,479,482,483,484,485,487,488,489,490,492,493,495],{"text":452,"slug":477},"le",{"text":76},{"text":480,"slug":481},"dije","decir",{"text":76},{"text":118,"slug":118},{"text":76},{"text":486,"slug":486},"verdad",{"text":76},{"text":91,"slug":91},{"text":76},{"text":491,"slug":491},"mi",{"text":76},{"text":494,"slug":494},"jefe",{"text":99},[497,498,499,500,503,504,506,507,508,509,511,512,513,514,516],{"text":334},{"text":452,"slug":477},{"text":76},{"text":501,"slug":502},"has","haber",{"text":76},{"text":505},"mandado",{"text":76},{"text":138,"slug":138},{"text":76},{"text":510,"slug":510},"correo",{"text":76},{"text":91,"slug":91},{"text":76},{"text":515,"slug":515},"ella",{"text":345},[518,519,520,523,524,526,527,529,530,531,532,535],{"text":452,"slug":477},{"text":76},{"text":521,"slug":522},"preguntaron","preguntar",{"text":76},{"text":525,"slug":525},"su",{"text":76},{"text":528,"slug":528},"nombre",{"text":76},{"text":78,"slug":78},{"text":76},{"text":533,"slug":534},"policía","policia",{"text":99},[537,538,539,541,542,544,545,547,548,550,551,552,553,554,555,558],{"text":452,"slug":477},{"text":76},{"text":540,"slug":94},"compré",{"text":76},{"text":543,"slug":543},"un",{"text":76},{"text":546,"slug":546},"regalo",{"text":76},{"text":549},"precioso",{"text":76},{"text":301,"slug":301},{"text":76},{"text":525,"slug":525},{"text":76},{"text":556,"slug":557},"cumpleaños","cumpleanos",{"text":99},[560,563,564,565,566,569,570,571,572,574,575,576,577,578,581,582,585],{"text":561,"slug":562},"Cuando","cuando",{"text":76},{"text":477,"slug":477},{"text":76},{"text":567,"slug":568},"llamen","llamar",{"text":76},{"text":206,"slug":206},{"text":76},{"text":573,"slug":573},"trabajo",{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":381,"slug":381},{"text":76},{"text":579,"slug":580},"conteste","contestar",{"text":76},{"text":583,"slug":584},"todavía","todavia",{"text":99},35,"\u002Fle\u002F",{},"pronoun","\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Fle",[592,593,161,594,324],"me","te","les",[596,598,600,602,604],{"slug":592,"lemma":592,"translation":597},"me, myself",{"slug":593,"lemma":593,"translation":599},"you, yourself (informal)",{"slug":161,"lemma":161,"translation":601},"himself, herself, themselves; oneself",{"slug":594,"lemma":594,"translation":603},"them, to them, to you (plural formal)",{"slug":324,"lemma":324,"translation":605},"it, him; the (neuter)",{"description":50},"spanish\u002Fwords\u002Fle","him, her, you (indirect object)","FVaII8eNc8utLCneqtskhthie1MQFgz8oeJmAiIgUQ4",{"id":611,"title":612,"adjective":45,"audio":45,"author":45,"body":613,"cefrLevel":45,"date":45,"description":680,"exampleAudio":681,"examples":682,"examplesLinkified":698,"extension":195,"faqs":45,"frequencyRank":819,"gcseTier":45,"hskLevel":45,"images":45,"intro":45,"ipa":820,"ipaSecondary":45,"language":198,"lastUpdated":45,"lemma":647,"lessonNumber":199,"mandarin":45,"meta":821,"navigation":40,"noun":45,"partOfSpeech":589,"path":822,"pronoun":45,"qualifications":45,"relatedWords":823,"relatedWordsResolved":825,"seo":832,"slug":647,"stem":833,"tier":222,"translation":834,"verb":45,"verbSlugs":45,"__hash__":835},"words\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Festo.md","Esto",{"type":47,"value":614,"toc":678},[615,642],[231,616,617,620,621,624,625,628,629,631,632,634,635,638,639,99],{},[618,619,612],"strong",{}," is the neuter demonstrative pronoun in Spanish, used for ideas, situations and unidentified objects close to the speaker. It is the counterpart of ",[234,622,623],{},"eso"," (mid-range) and ",[234,626,627],{},"aquello"," (far), and it sits alongside the gendered demonstratives ",[234,630,85],{}," \u002F ",[234,633,84],{}," rather than replacing them. The neuter form refuses to attach to a noun directly: say ",[234,636,637],{},"este libro"," (this book), never ",[234,640,641],{},"esto libro",[231,643,644,645,648,649,652,653,656,657,660,661,664,665,668,669,672,673,677],{},"Reach for ",[234,646,647],{},"esto"," when you are pointing at a clause, a fact, or something whose gender you do not know yet: ",[234,650,651],{},"¿Qué es esto?"," (What is this?), ",[234,654,655],{},"esto es increíble"," (this is incredible), ",[234,658,659],{},"con esto basta"," (this is enough). The form has no plural and no gender variants. Common fixed expressions include ",[234,662,663],{},"en esto"," (just then), ",[234,666,667],{},"por esto"," (because of this) and the conversational opener ",[234,670,671],{},"esto..."," used as a filler the way English uses \"uh\". See the ",[91,674,676],{"href":675},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fdemonstratives","Spanish demonstratives guide"," for the matched system.",{"title":50,"searchDepth":51,"depth":51,"links":679},[],"Esto is the neuter demonstrative pronoun in Spanish, used for ideas, situations and unidentified objects close to the speaker. It is the counterpart of eso (mid-range) and aquello (far), and it sits alongside the gendered demonstratives este \u002F esta rather than replacing them. The neuter form refuses to attach to a noun directly: say este libro (this book), never esto libro.",[45,45,45,45,45],[683,686,689,692,695],{"sentence":684,"translation":685,"audio":45},"Esto es lo más importante que tengo que decirte.","This is the most important thing I have to tell you.",{"sentence":687,"translation":688,"audio":45},"¿Qué es esto que está encima de la mesa?","What is this that is on the table?",{"sentence":690,"translation":691,"audio":45},"Esto no puede seguir así por mucho tiempo más.","This cannot go on like this for much longer.",{"sentence":693,"translation":694,"audio":45},"Con esto creo que ya hemos terminado por hoy.","With this I think we have finished for today.",{"sentence":696,"translation":697,"audio":45},"Esto que estás viendo es un pueblo medieval.","This that you are seeing is a medieval village.",[699,722,746,770,797],[700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,710,711,712,713,716,717,718,719,721],{"text":612,"slug":647},{"text":76},{"text":144,"slug":145},{"text":76},{"text":324,"slug":324},{"text":76},{"text":248,"slug":240},{"text":76},{"text":709,"slug":709},"importante",{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":714,"slug":715},"tengo","tener",{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":720},"decirte",{"text":99},[723,724,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,735,736,738,739,740,741,742,743,745],{"text":334},{"text":725,"slug":260},"Qué",{"text":76},{"text":144,"slug":145},{"text":76},{"text":647,"slug":647},{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":734,"slug":85},"está",{"text":76},{"text":737,"slug":737},"encima",{"text":76},{"text":207,"slug":207},{"text":76},{"text":118,"slug":118},{"text":76},{"text":744,"slug":744},"mesa",{"text":345},[747,748,749,750,751,754,755,757,758,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769],{"text":612,"slug":647},{"text":76},{"text":381,"slug":381},{"text":76},{"text":752,"slug":753},"puede","poder",{"text":76},{"text":756,"slug":756},"seguir",{"text":76},{"text":759,"slug":760},"así","asi",{"text":76},{"text":398,"slug":398},{"text":76},{"text":168,"slug":168},{"text":76},{"text":298,"slug":298},{"text":76},{"text":248,"slug":240},{"text":99},[771,774,775,776,777,780,781,782,783,785,786,788,789,791,792,793,794,796],{"text":772,"slug":773},"Con","con",{"text":76},{"text":647,"slug":647},{"text":76},{"text":778,"slug":779},"creo","crear",{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":784,"slug":784},"ya",{"text":76},{"text":787,"slug":502},"hemos",{"text":76},{"text":790,"slug":790},"terminado",{"text":76},{"text":398,"slug":398},{"text":76},{"text":795,"slug":795},"hoy",{"text":99},[798,799,800,801,802,804,805,808,809,810,811,812,813,815,816,818],{"text":612,"slug":647},{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":803,"slug":85},"estás",{"text":76},{"text":806,"slug":807},"viendo","ver",{"text":76},{"text":144,"slug":145},{"text":76},{"text":543,"slug":543},{"text":76},{"text":814,"slug":814},"pueblo",{"text":76},{"text":817},"medieval",{"text":99},36,"\u002Fˈesto\u002F",{},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Festo",[623,627,85,824],"ese",[826,828,830],{"slug":623,"lemma":623,"translation":827},"that (general\u002Fneuter)",{"slug":85,"lemma":85,"translation":829},"this",{"slug":824,"lemma":824,"translation":831},"that",{"description":680},"spanish\u002Fwords\u002Festo","this (general\u002Fneuter)","tTiAH_w7vLGSvOdg4ja5vMqd8n2hW2sgnY338ioYrbw",{"id":837,"title":838,"adjective":45,"audio":45,"author":45,"body":839,"cefrLevel":45,"date":45,"description":864,"exampleAudio":865,"examples":866,"examplesLinkified":882,"extension":195,"faqs":45,"frequencyRank":990,"gcseTier":45,"hskLevel":45,"images":45,"intro":45,"ipa":991,"ipaSecondary":45,"language":198,"lastUpdated":45,"lemma":848,"lessonNumber":199,"mandarin":45,"meta":992,"navigation":40,"noun":45,"partOfSpeech":993,"path":994,"pronoun":45,"qualifications":995,"relatedWords":996,"relatedWordsResolved":1000,"seo":1009,"slug":848,"stem":1010,"tier":222,"translation":1011,"verb":45,"verbSlugs":45,"__hash__":1012},"words\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Ftodo.md","Todo",{"type":47,"value":840,"toc":862},[841,859],[231,842,843,845,846,849,850,849,853,849,856,99],{},[234,844,838],{}," functions as both a determiner (before a noun: \"todo el día\" - the whole day) and a pronoun (standing alone: \"lo sé todo\" - I know everything). It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies: ",[234,847,848],{},"todo",", ",[234,851,852],{},"toda",[234,854,855],{},"todos",[234,857,858],{},"todas",[231,860,861],{},"The phrase \"todo el mundo\" (literally \"all the world\") means \"everyone\" and takes a singular verb in Spanish, just as its English equivalent does. A frequent learner error is writing \"todos el mundo,\" conflating the plural pronoun with this fixed expression.",{"title":50,"searchDepth":51,"depth":51,"links":863},[],"Todo functions as both a determiner (before a noun: \"todo el día\" - the whole day) and a pronoun (standing alone: \"lo sé todo\" - I know everything). It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies: todo, toda, todos, todas.",[45,45,45,45,45],[867,870,873,876,879],{"sentence":868,"translation":869,"audio":45},"Todo el mundo sabe lo que pasó.","Everyone knows what happened.",{"sentence":871,"translation":872,"audio":45},"Me lo comí todo, estaba muy bueno.","I ate it all, it was very good.",{"sentence":874,"translation":875,"audio":45},"Trabajó toda la noche sin descanso.","She worked the whole night without a break.",{"sentence":877,"translation":878,"audio":45},"Llevo todo el día sin parar de trabajar.","I have been working non-stop all day.",{"sentence":880,"translation":881,"audio":45},"Todos los vecinos vinieron a la reunión del edificio.","All the neighbours came to the building meeting.",[883,903,925,941,962],[884,885,886,887,888,890,891,894,895,896,897,898,899,902],{"text":838,"slug":848},{"text":76},{"text":138,"slug":138},{"text":76},{"text":889,"slug":889},"mundo",{"text":76},{"text":892,"slug":893},"sabe","saber",{"text":76},{"text":324,"slug":324},{"text":76},{"text":260,"slug":260},{"text":76},{"text":900,"slug":901},"pasó","paso",{"text":99},[904,906,907,908,909,912,913,914,915,916,919,920,921,922,924],{"text":905,"slug":592},"Me",{"text":76},{"text":324,"slug":324},{"text":76},{"text":910,"slug":911},"comí","comer",{"text":76},{"text":848,"slug":848},{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":917,"slug":918},"estaba","estar",{"text":76},{"text":432,"slug":432},{"text":76},{"text":923,"slug":923},"bueno",{"text":99},[926,928,929,930,931,932,933,935,936,937,938,940],{"text":927,"slug":573},"Trabajó",{"text":76},{"text":852,"slug":848},{"text":76},{"text":118,"slug":118},{"text":76},{"text":934,"slug":934},"noche",{"text":76},{"text":185,"slug":185},{"text":76},{"text":939,"slug":939},"descanso",{"text":99},[942,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,956,957,958,959,961],{"text":943,"slug":944},"Llevo","llevar",{"text":76},{"text":848,"slug":848},{"text":76},{"text":138,"slug":138},{"text":76},{"text":154,"slug":155},{"text":76},{"text":185,"slug":185},{"text":76},{"text":955,"slug":955},"parar",{"text":76},{"text":207,"slug":207},{"text":76},{"text":960,"slug":960},"trabajar",{"text":99},[963,965,966,968,969,972,973,976,977,978,979,980,981,984,985,986,987,989],{"text":964,"slug":848},"Todos",{"text":76},{"text":967,"slug":967},"los",{"text":76},{"text":970,"slug":971},"vecinos","vecino",{"text":76},{"text":974,"slug":975},"vinieron","venir",{"text":76},{"text":91,"slug":91},{"text":76},{"text":118,"slug":118},{"text":76},{"text":982,"slug":983},"reunión","reunion",{"text":76},{"text":206,"slug":206},{"text":76},{"text":988,"slug":988},"edificio",{"text":99},37,"\u002Fˈtoðo\u002F",{},"determiner","\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Ftodo",[204],[997,998,999,373],"nada","algo","siempre",[1001,1003,1005,1007],{"slug":997,"lemma":997,"translation":1002},"nothing, anything",{"slug":998,"lemma":998,"translation":1004},"something, anything, somewhat",{"slug":999,"lemma":999,"translation":1006},"always, forever",{"slug":373,"lemma":373,"translation":1008},"each, every",{"description":864},"spanish\u002Fwords\u002Ftodo","all, everything, whole","u3CW-e4uil79VSHr9l3l8vyV8ZoZ8l-nPluCoeLZUI0",{"id":1014,"title":1015,"adjective":45,"audio":45,"author":45,"body":1016,"cefrLevel":45,"date":45,"description":1036,"exampleAudio":1037,"examples":1038,"examplesLinkified":1054,"extension":195,"faqs":45,"frequencyRank":1161,"gcseTier":45,"hskLevel":45,"images":45,"intro":45,"ipa":1162,"ipaSecondary":45,"language":198,"lastUpdated":45,"lemma":784,"lessonNumber":199,"mandarin":45,"meta":1163,"navigation":40,"noun":45,"partOfSpeech":428,"path":1164,"pronoun":45,"qualifications":45,"relatedWords":1165,"relatedWordsResolved":1169,"seo":1178,"slug":784,"stem":1179,"tier":222,"translation":1180,"verb":45,"verbSlugs":45,"__hash__":1181},"words\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Fya.md","Ya",{"type":47,"value":1017,"toc":1034},[1018,1023],[231,1019,1020,1022],{},[234,1021,1015],{}," is one of the most versatile and nuanced adverbs in Spanish, carrying different meanings depending on tense and context. In the present perfect it means \"already\"; in the present tense it signals immediacy or impatience (\"ya voy\" - I am coming); combined with a negative it means \"anymore\" (\"ya no\" - no longer). In informal speech it can even function as a back-channel acknowledgement, similar to \"yeah, right\" or \"I get it.\"",[231,1024,1025,1026,1029,1030,1033],{},"The negative construction ",[234,1027,1028],{},"ya no"," (no longer) is often confused with ",[234,1031,1032],{},"todavía no"," (not yet). \"Ya no como carne\" means you used to eat meat but have stopped; \"Todavía no como carne\" means you have not eaten it yet but might. Getting this right signals genuine fluency.",{"title":50,"searchDepth":51,"depth":51,"links":1035},[],"Ya is one of the most versatile and nuanced adverbs in Spanish, carrying different meanings depending on tense and context. In the present perfect it means \"already\"; in the present tense it signals immediacy or impatience (\"ya voy\" - I am coming); combined with a negative it means \"anymore\" (\"ya no\" - no longer). In informal speech it can even function as a back-channel acknowledgement, similar to \"yeah, right\" or \"I get it.\"",[45,45,45,45,45],[1039,1042,1045,1048,1051],{"sentence":1040,"translation":1041,"audio":45},"Ya he terminado el informe, puedes leerlo.","I have already finished the report, you can read it.",{"sentence":1043,"translation":1044,"audio":45},"Ya voy, dame un segundo.","I am coming, give me a second.",{"sentence":1046,"translation":1047,"audio":45},"Ya no vive aquí, se fue el año pasado.","She does not live here anymore, she left last year.",{"sentence":1049,"translation":1050,"audio":45},"Ya era demasiado tarde para cambiar de opinión.","It was already too late to change her mind.",{"sentence":1052,"translation":1053,"audio":45},"Cuando llegamos, la película ya había empezado.","When we arrived, the film had already started.",[1055,1074,1089,1117,1139],[1056,1057,1058,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1070,1071,1073],{"text":1015,"slug":784},{"text":76},{"text":1059,"slug":502},"he",{"text":76},{"text":790,"slug":790},{"text":76},{"text":138,"slug":138},{"text":76},{"text":309,"slug":309},{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":1069,"slug":753},"puedes",{"text":76},{"text":1072},"leerlo",{"text":99},[1075,1076,1077,1079,1080,1081,1083,1084,1085,1086,1088],{"text":1015,"slug":784},{"text":76},{"text":1078,"slug":74},"voy",{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":1082},"dame",{"text":76},{"text":543,"slug":543},{"text":76},{"text":1087,"slug":1087},"segundo",{"text":99},[1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1097,1098,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1107,1108,1109,1110,1113,1114,1116],{"text":1015,"slug":784},{"text":76},{"text":381,"slug":381},{"text":76},{"text":1095,"slug":1096},"vive","vivir",{"text":76},{"text":1099,"slug":1100},"aquí","aqui",{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":161,"slug":161},{"text":76},{"text":1106,"slug":74},"fue",{"text":76},{"text":138,"slug":138},{"text":76},{"text":1111,"slug":1112},"año","ano",{"text":76},{"text":1115,"slug":1115},"pasado",{"text":99},[1118,1119,1120,1122,1123,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1132,1133,1134,1135,1138],{"text":1015,"slug":784},{"text":76},{"text":1121,"slug":145},"era",{"text":76},{"text":1124,"slug":1124},"demasiado",{"text":76},{"text":88,"slug":88},{"text":76},{"text":301,"slug":301},{"text":76},{"text":1131,"slug":1131},"cambiar",{"text":76},{"text":207,"slug":207},{"text":76},{"text":1136,"slug":1137},"opinión","opinion",{"text":99},[1140,1141,1142,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1151,1152,1153,1154,1156,1157,1160],{"text":561,"slug":562},{"text":76},{"text":1143,"slug":104},"llegamos",{"text":111},{"text":76},{"text":118,"slug":118},{"text":76},{"text":1149,"slug":1150},"película","pelicula",{"text":76},{"text":784,"slug":784},{"text":76},{"text":1155,"slug":502},"había",{"text":76},{"text":1158,"slug":1159},"empezado","empezar",{"text":99},38,"\u002Fˈʝa\u002F",{},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fwords\u002Fya",[1166,1167,999,1168,240],"ahora","antes","nunca",[1170,1172,1174,1175,1177],{"slug":1166,"lemma":1166,"translation":1171},"now, 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