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Connectors of Cause and Consequence: porque, ya que, por lo tanto, así que",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":684},"minimark",[51,56,73,78,89,99,114,128,139,147,150,172,186,192,200,204,213,221,237,245,262,270,280,288,292,313,327,344,352,361,365,386,400,409,413,612,616,640,644,657,661],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"spanish-connectors-of-cause-consequence-and-purpose","Spanish Connectors of Cause, Consequence and Purpose",[57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,72],"p",{},"By B2 the individual sentences are no longer the problem. The problem is joining them: showing that one thing ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"caused"," another, that a ",[61,66,67],{},"result"," followed, or that you did something ",[61,70,71],{},"on purpose",". Spanish has a full toolbox for this, and picking the right connector broadcasts both your meaning and how formal you are being. Here is the whole family, sorted by job.",[74,75,77],"h2",{"id":76},"cause-why-it-happened","Cause: why it happened",[57,79,80,81,84,85,88],{},"The default is ",[61,82,83],{},"porque"," (because), which follows the main clause and takes the ",[61,86,87],{},"indicative",":",[90,91,92],"ul",{},[93,94,95,98],"li",{},[61,96,97],{},"No salimos porque llovía."," (We did not go out because it was raining.)",[57,100,101,102,105,106,109,110,113],{},"For a slightly more written feel, reach for ",[61,103,104],{},"ya que",", ",[61,107,108],{},"puesto que"," or ",[61,111,112],{},"dado que"," (since, given that). They mean roughly the same as porque but can also open the sentence:",[90,115,116,122],{},[93,117,118,121],{},[61,119,120],{},"Ya que estas aquí, ayudame."," (Since you are here, help me.)",[93,123,124,127],{},[61,125,126],{},"Puesto que no hay tiempo, empezamos ya."," (Given there is no time, we start now.)",[57,129,130,131,134,135,138],{},"The one to watch is ",[61,132,133],{},"como",". When it means cause, it ",[61,136,137],{},"must go at the front",", stating the reason before the result:",[90,140,141],{},[93,142,143,146],{},[61,144,145],{},"Como llovía, no salimos."," (As it was raining, we did not go out.)",[57,148,149],{},"You cannot move como to the middle with that meaning; there it would mean \"how\" or \"like\".",[57,151,152,153,156,157,109,160,163,164,167,168,171],{},"For cause through a ",[61,154,155],{},"noun",", use ",[61,158,159],{},"a causa de",[61,161,162],{},"debido a"," (because of, owing to), and ",[61,165,166],{},"gracias a"," for a ",[61,169,170],{},"positive"," cause (thanks to):",[90,173,174,180],{},[93,175,176,179],{},[61,177,178],{},"Se cancelo debido a la tormenta."," (It was cancelled owing to the storm.)",[93,181,182,185],{},[61,183,184],{},"Aprobe gracias a ti."," (I passed thanks to you.)",[57,187,188,191],{},[61,189,190],{},"Por"," also marks a cause or motive, with a noun or an infinitive:",[90,193,194],{},[93,195,196,199],{},[61,197,198],{},"Lo despidieron por llegar tarde."," (They sacked him for arriving late.)",[74,201,203],{"id":202},"consequence-what-followed","Consequence: what followed",[57,205,206,207,210,211,88],{},"The everyday spoken choice is ",[61,208,209],{},"así que"," (so), plus the ",[61,212,87],{},[90,214,215],{},[93,216,217,220],{},[61,218,219],{},"Llegue tarde, así que perdí el tren."," (I arrived late, so I missed the train.)",[57,222,223,226,227,105,230,109,233,236],{},[61,224,225],{},"Por eso"," (that is why) is neutral and works almost anywhere. For a formal register, use ",[61,228,229],{},"por lo tanto",[61,231,232],{},"por consiguiente",[61,234,235],{},"en consecuencia"," (therefore, consequently), the connectors of essays and reports:",[90,238,239],{},[93,240,241,244],{},[61,242,243],{},"El presupuesto es limitado; por lo tanto, hay que priorizar."," (The budget is limited; therefore, we must prioritise.)",[57,246,247,250,251,254,255,258,259,88],{},[61,248,249],{},"De modo que"," and ",[61,252,253],{},"de manera que"," (so that, in such a way that) express result with the indicative. The odd one out is ",[61,256,257],{},"de ahi que"," (hence), which takes the ",[61,260,261],{},"subjunctive",[90,263,264],{},[93,265,266,269],{},[61,267,268],{},"Estaba enfermo; de ahi que no venga."," (He was ill; hence he is not coming.)",[57,271,272,273,109,276,279],{},"Result can also be built with ",[61,274,275],{},"tan",[61,277,278],{},"tanto... que"," (so... that):",[90,281,282],{},[93,283,284,287],{},[61,285,286],{},"Estaba tan cansado que me dormi."," (I was so tired that I fell asleep.)",[74,289,291],{"id":290},"purpose-what-it-was-for","Purpose: what it was for",[57,293,294,295,298,299,301,302,305,306,109,309,312],{},"Purpose points at a goal that has ",[61,296,297],{},"not yet happened",", so it usually needs the ",[61,300,261],{},". Use ",[61,303,304],{},"para que"," and, more formally, ",[61,307,308],{},"a fin de que",[61,310,311],{},"con el fin de que",", all with the subjunctive:",[90,314,315,321],{},[93,316,317,320],{},[61,318,319],{},"Te lo explico para que lo entiendas."," (I am explaining it so that you understand it.)",[93,322,323,326],{},[61,324,325],{},"Se reunieron a fin de que todos opinaran."," (They met so that everyone could give an opinion.)",[57,328,329,330,333,334,337,338,109,341,88],{},"When there is only ",[61,331,332],{},"one"," subject, drop the que and use an ",[61,335,336],{},"infinitive"," with ",[61,339,340],{},"para",[61,342,343],{},"con el fin de",[90,345,346],{},[93,347,348,351],{},[61,349,350],{},"Estudio para aprobar."," (I study in order to pass.)",[57,353,354,355,360],{},"See ",[356,357,359],"a",{"href":358},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-adverbial-clauses","the subjunctive in adverbial clauses"," for the full picture of when the mood switches on.",[74,362,364],{"id":363},"reformulation-saying-it-again","Reformulation: saying it again",[57,366,367,368,105,371,250,374,377,378,381,382,385],{},"To restate or clarify, Spanish uses ",[61,369,370],{},"es decir",[61,372,373],{},"o sea",[61,375,376],{},"esto es"," (that is to say), ",[61,379,380],{},"en otras palabras"," (in other words), and ",[61,383,384],{},"por ejemplo"," (for example):",[90,387,388,394],{},[93,389,390,393],{},[61,391,392],{},"Llego tarde, es decir, otra vez."," (He is arriving late, that is to say, again.)",[93,395,396,399],{},[61,397,398],{},"Es complicado, o sea, no lo entiendo."," (It is complicated, in other words, I do not get it.)",[57,401,402,405,406,408],{},[61,403,404],{},"O sea"," is casual and everywhere in speech; ",[61,407,370],{}," is safe in any register.",[74,410,412],{"id":411},"the-connectors-at-a-glance","The connectors at a glance",[414,415,416,435],"table",{},[417,418,419],"thead",{},[420,421,422,426,429,432],"tr",{},[423,424,425],"th",{},"Connector",[423,427,428],{},"Function",[423,430,431],{},"Mood",[423,433,434],{},"Register",[436,437,438,451,462,474,487,498,509,521,532,543,554,564,575,587,599],"tbody",{},[420,439,440,443,446,448],{},[441,442,83],"td",{},[441,444,445],{},"cause",[441,447,87],{},[441,449,450],{},"neutral",[420,452,453,456,458,460],{},[441,454,455],{},"como (at the front)",[441,457,445],{},[441,459,87],{},[441,461,450],{},[420,463,464,467,469,471],{},[441,465,466],{},"ya que \u002F puesto que \u002F dado que",[441,468,445],{},[441,470,87],{},[441,472,473],{},"neutral to formal",[420,475,476,479,481,484],{},[441,477,478],{},"a causa de \u002F debido a + noun",[441,480,445],{},[441,482,483],{},"(no clause)",[441,485,486],{},"formal",[420,488,489,491,494,496],{},[441,490,166],{},[441,492,493],{},"positive cause",[441,495,483],{},[441,497,450],{},[420,499,500,503,505,507],{},[441,501,502],{},"por + noun\u002Finfinitive",[441,504,445],{},[441,506,483],{},[441,508,450],{},[420,510,511,513,516,518],{},[441,512,209],{},[441,514,515],{},"consequence",[441,517,87],{},[441,519,520],{},"informal",[420,522,523,526,528,530],{},[441,524,525],{},"por eso",[441,527,515],{},[441,529,87],{},[441,531,450],{},[420,533,534,537,539,541],{},[441,535,536],{},"por lo tanto \u002F por consiguiente \u002F en consecuencia",[441,538,515],{},[441,540,87],{},[441,542,486],{},[420,544,545,548,550,552],{},[441,546,547],{},"de modo\u002Fmanera que",[441,549,515],{},[441,551,87],{},[441,553,450],{},[420,555,556,558,560,562],{},[441,557,257],{},[441,559,515],{},[441,561,261],{},[441,563,486],{},[420,565,566,569,571,573],{},[441,567,568],{},"tan \u002F tanto... que",[441,570,67],{},[441,572,87],{},[441,574,450],{},[420,576,577,580,583,585],{},[441,578,579],{},"para que \u002F a fin de que",[441,581,582],{},"purpose",[441,584,261],{},[441,586,473],{},[420,588,589,592,594,597],{},[441,590,591],{},"para \u002F con el fin de + infinitive",[441,593,582],{},[441,595,596],{},"(infinitive)",[441,598,450],{},[420,600,601,604,607,609],{},[441,602,603],{},"es decir \u002F o sea \u002F esto es",[441,605,606],{},"reformulation",[441,608,87],{},[441,610,611],{},"neutral \u002F informal",[74,613,615],{"id":614},"the-mood-rule-in-one-line","The mood rule in one line",[57,617,618,619,622,623,625,626,629,630,632,633,635,636,639],{},"Cause and result state ",[61,620,621],{},"facts",", so they take the ",[61,624,87],{},": porque, ya que, como, por eso, así que, por lo tanto. Purpose points at an ",[61,627,628],{},"unrealised goal",", so it takes the ",[61,631,261],{},": para que, a fin de que, con el fin de que. The single exception to memorise is ",[61,634,257],{},", a consequence connector that behaves like a purpose one and demands the subjunctive: ",[61,637,638],{},"de ahi que no venga",".",[74,641,643],{"id":642},"the-register-spread","The register spread",[57,645,646,647,250,649,651,652,250,654,656],{},"The meaning barely changes, but the tone does. In casual speech you say ",[61,648,209],{},[61,650,373],{},"; in an essay you write ",[61,653,232],{},[61,655,370],{},". Match the connector to the room and you will sound like someone who has read a few Spanish books, not just a phrasebook.",[74,658,660],{"id":659},"see-also","See also",[90,662,663,669,676],{},[93,664,665,668],{},[356,666,667],{"href":358},"The subjunctive in adverbial clauses"," - the mood rule behind para que, a fin de que and de ahi que.",[93,670,671,675],{},[356,672,674],{"href":673},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpor-vs-para","Por and para"," - the cause-versus-purpose split that runs through this whole topic.",[93,677,678,679,683],{},"The ",[356,680,682],{"href":681},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," collects these connectors on one card, sorted by function.",{"title":685,"searchDepth":686,"depth":686,"links":687},"",2,[688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695],{"id":76,"depth":686,"text":77},{"id":202,"depth":686,"text":203},{"id":290,"depth":686,"text":291},{"id":363,"depth":686,"text":364},{"id":411,"depth":686,"text":412},{"id":614,"depth":686,"text":615},{"id":642,"depth":686,"text":643},{"id":659,"depth":686,"text":660},"B2","The Spanish connectors that join reason to result: porque, ya que, como, por eso, así que, para que and the rest, sorted by function, mood and register.",[699,732],{"type":700,"instructions":701,"items":702},"fill-blank","Complete each sentence with the right connector or verb form. Watch whether the connector needs the subjunctive or the indicative.",[703,707,710,713,717,721,725,729],{"prompt":704,"answer":705,"hint":706},"___ llovía, no salimos. (as \u002F because, at the front)","Como","cause at the front",{"prompt":708,"answer":83,"hint":709},"No salimos ___ llovía. (because)","plain because",{"prompt":711,"answer":209,"hint":712},"Llegue tarde, ___ perdí el tren. (so, everyday)","spoken so",{"prompt":714,"answer":715,"hint":716},"Te lo explico para que lo ___. (entender)","entiendas","para que plus subjunctive",{"prompt":718,"answer":719,"hint":720},"El presupuesto es limitado; por lo ___, hay que priorizar. (therefore)","tanto","formal therefore",{"prompt":722,"answer":723,"hint":724},"Lo castigaron ___ llegar tarde. (for, cause)","por","reason behind",{"prompt":726,"answer":727,"hint":728},"Estaba enfermo; de ahi que no ___. (venir)","venga","de ahi que plus subjunctive",{"prompt":730,"answer":731,"hint":493},"Aprobe el examen ___ a mi profesora. (thanks to)","gracias",{"type":733,"instructions":734,"items":735},"which-one","Choose the correct connector for each gap. Think about function, mood and register.",[736,739,742,745,748,751],{"prompt":737,"answer":340,"options":738},"Estudio mucho ___ aprobar el examen.",[340,723],{"prompt":740,"answer":304,"options":741},"Te llamo ___ me ayudes con la cena.",[304,83],{"prompt":743,"answer":209,"options":744},"Hacia frio, ___ nos quedamos en casa.",[209,304],{"prompt":746,"answer":229,"options":747},"El informe es urgente; ___, empezamos hoy.",[229,209],{"prompt":749,"answer":104,"options":750},"No podemos ir, ___ no tenemos coche.",[104,257],{"prompt":752,"answer":373,"options":753},"Es tarde; ___, deberiamos irnos, es decir, ahora mismo.",[373,304],"md",[756,759,762,765],{"q":757,"a":758},"When does como mean because in Spanish?","Como means because only when it opens the sentence, and it always states the cause before the result: Como llovía, no salimos (As it was raining, we did not go out). It is the natural way to lead with the reason rather than tack it on afterwards. If you put the same idea the other way round you switch to porque: No salimos porque llovía. So como at the front equals cause, but como cannot follow the main clause with that meaning. Both take the indicative, since you are stating a real, known reason, not a hypothetical one.",{"q":760,"a":761},"Which cause and purpose connectors need the subjunctive?","Purpose connectors that point at an unrealised goal take the subjunctive: para que, a fin de que and con el fin de que all require it, because the aim has not yet happened. Te lo explico para que lo entiendas (I am explaining it so that you understand it). One consequence connector, de ahi que, also takes the subjunctive: De ahi que no venga (hence he is not coming). By contrast the plain cause and result connectors, porque, ya que, puesto que, como, por eso, por lo tanto and así que, all take the indicative, because they state facts. See the adverbial clauses page for the full pattern.",{"q":763,"a":764},"What is the difference between así que and por lo tanto?","Both introduce a consequence, but they sit at opposite ends of the register scale. Asi que is the everyday spoken choice: Llegue tarde, así que perdí el tren (I arrived late, so I missed the train). Por lo tanto, por consiguiente and en consecuencia are formal, the sort of thing you write in an essay or a report: El presupuesto es limitado; por lo tanto, hay que priorizar. Por eso sits in the middle and works almost anywhere. All three take the indicative. Choosing the formal connector in casual chat sounds stiff; choosing así que in an academic essay sounds too loose.",{"q":766,"a":767},"How do I use por and para to express cause and purpose?","Por looks backwards to the cause or motive: Lo despidieron por llegar tarde (They sacked him for arriving late), and gracias a marks a positive cause (Aprobe gracias a ti). Para looks forwards to the goal or purpose: Estudio para aprobar (I study in order to pass). The rule of thumb is por for the reason behind something and para for the aim ahead of it. When the goal has its own subject you must switch from para plus infinitive to para que plus subjunctive: Estudio para que mis padres estén orgullosos (I study so that my parents are proud).","higher","Once you can build a sentence, the next skill is stitching sentences together: this happened because of that, so this followed, and here is what I meant by it. Spanish has a rich set of connectors for exactly this, and choosing the right one signals both your meaning and your register. Porque and así que are the everyday workhorses; puesto que, por consiguiente and de ahi que are the ones that turn up in essays and formal speech. The tricky part for English speakers is not the vocabulary but two hidden rules. First, some of these connectors demand the subjunctive (para que, a fin de que, de ahi que) while their neighbours take the indicative (porque, por eso, así que), and getting the mood wrong is an instant giveaway. Second, one connector, como, has to sit at the front of the sentence when it means cause: Como llovía, no salimos, never the other way round. This page sorts the whole family into cause, consequence and purpose, tells you which mood each one governs, marks the register of every item, and drills the choices that trip people up at B2 and beyond.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconnectors-cause",{"title":46,"description":697},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconnectors-cause","q_NI0IrV-hEz57udL9hOw5Qsb5HDjfF5RPyLz011yrM",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":779},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":781},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":783},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":785},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]