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Connectors of Addition and Contrast: además, sin embargo, en cambio",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":640},"minimark",[51,56,69,74,81,141,145,152,180,183,265,269,278,446,450,476,496,505,509,515,544,561,565,575,588,604,607,611],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"connectors-of-addition-and-contrast","Connectors of Addition and Contrast",[57,58,59,60,64,65,68],"p",{},"Building correct sentences is one thing; getting them to ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"argue a case"," is another. The tools for that job are ",[61,66,67],{},"discourse connectors"," - the linking words that let you add a point, or turn the reader the other way. Master a dozen of them and your Spanish stops sounding like a list and starts sounding like prose.",[70,71,73],"h2",{"id":72},"connectors-that-add-piling-on-more","Connectors that add: piling on more",[57,75,76,77,80],{},"When you want to stack a second idea on the first, reach for the ",[61,78,79],{},"additive"," connectors:",[82,83,84,95,105,115,125,135],"ul",{},[85,86,87,90,91,94],"li",{},[61,88,89],{},"además"," (moreover, besides) - the workhorse. ",[61,92,93],{},"Es barato; además, es bonito."," (It is cheap; besides, it is pretty.)",[85,96,97,100,101,104],{},[61,98,99],{},"asimismo"," (likewise, similarly) - formal, common in writing. ",[61,102,103],{},"El curso enseña gramática; asimismo, ofrece práctica oral."," (The course teaches grammar; likewise, it offers speaking practice.)",[85,106,107,110,111,114],{},[61,108,109],{},"es más"," (what is more) - raises the stakes. ",[61,112,113],{},"No me llamó; es más, ni siquiera respondió."," (He did not call me; what is more, he did not even reply.)",[85,116,117,120,121,124],{},[61,118,119],{},"incluso"," (even) - adds an extreme case. ",[61,122,123],{},"Todos vinieron, incluso el jefe."," (Everyone came, even the boss.)",[85,126,127,130,131,134],{},[61,128,129],{},"encima"," (on top of that) - informal, often with a note of complaint. ",[61,132,133],{},"Llegó tarde y, encima, sin disculparse."," (He arrived late and, on top of that, without apologising.)",[85,136,137,140],{},[61,138,139],{},"también"," (also) - the plainest of all, used mid-sentence rather than as an opener.",[70,142,144],{"id":143},"connectors-that-contrast-turning-the-other-way","Connectors that contrast: turning the other way",[57,146,147,148,151],{},"The ",[61,149,150],{},"contrastive"," connectors are where writers earn their keep. The big three come first:",[82,153,154,164,174],{},[85,155,156,159,160,163],{},[61,157,158],{},"sin embargo"," (however, nevertheless) - neutral, works everywhere. ",[61,161,162],{},"Estudié mucho; sin embargo, no aprobé."," (I studied hard; however, I did not pass.)",[85,165,166,169,170,173],{},[61,167,168],{},"no obstante"," (however, nevertheless) - same meaning, more formal. ",[61,171,172],{},"El plan es caro; no obstante, es necesario."," (The plan is expensive; nevertheless, it is necessary.)",[85,175,176,179],{},[61,177,178],{},"pero"," (but) - the basic conjunction, covered on its own; unlike the others it sits at the join and cannot move.",[57,181,182],{},"Then a wider set for finer shades:",[82,184,185,195,209,219,229,242,252],{},[85,186,187,190,191,194],{},[61,188,189],{},"en cambio"," (on the other hand) - compares two things. ",[61,192,193],{},"Yo prefiero el té; ella, en cambio, el café."," (I prefer tea; she, on the other hand, coffee.)",[85,196,197,200,201,204,205,208],{},[61,198,199],{},"por el contrario"," \u002F ",[61,202,203],{},"al contrario"," (on the contrary) - contradicts and replaces the last statement. ",[61,206,207],{},"No es aburrido; al contrario, es fascinante."," (It is not boring; on the contrary, it is fascinating.)",[85,210,211,214,215,218],{},[61,212,213],{},"mientras que"," (whereas) - contrasts two facts in one sentence. ",[61,216,217],{},"Él ahorra, mientras que ella gasta."," (He saves, whereas she spends.)",[85,220,221,224,225,228],{},[61,222,223],{},"aun así"," (even so) - concedes a point, then presses on. ",[61,226,227],{},"Es difícil; aun así, lo intentaré."," (It is hard; even so, I will try.)",[85,230,231,200,234,237,238,241],{},[61,232,233],{},"a pesar de eso",[61,235,236],{},"pese a ello"," (despite that) - ",[61,239,240],{},"Llovía; a pesar de eso, salimos."," (It was raining; despite that, we went out.)",[85,243,244,247,248,251],{},[61,245,246],{},"ahora bien"," (that said) - a gentle pivot. ",[61,249,250],{},"El diseño es bonito; ahora bien, es poco práctico."," (The design is pretty; that said, it is not very practical.)",[85,253,254,200,257,260,261,264],{},[61,255,256],{},"de todos modos",[61,258,259],{},"de todas formas"," (anyway, in any case) - waves the objection aside. ",[61,262,263],{},"No importa; de todos modos, ya es tarde."," (Never mind; anyway, it is late now.)",[70,266,268],{"id":267},"the-register-table","The register table",[57,270,271,272,274,275,277],{},"Not every connector suits every setting. An essay wants ",[61,273,168],{},"; a text message wants ",[61,276,129],{},". Pick to fit:",[279,280,281,297],"table",{},[282,283,284],"thead",{},[285,286,287,291,294],"tr",{},[288,289,290],"th",{},"Connector",[288,292,293],{},"Meaning",[288,295,296],{},"Register",[298,299,300,311,321,330,339,349,358,367,376,385,393,402,411,420,428,437],"tbody",{},[285,301,302,305,308],{},[303,304,89],"td",{},[303,306,307],{},"moreover, besides",[303,309,310],{},"neutral",[285,312,313,315,318],{},[303,314,99],{},[303,316,317],{},"likewise",[303,319,320],{},"formal",[285,322,323,325,328],{},[303,324,109],{},[303,326,327],{},"what is more",[303,329,310],{},[285,331,332,334,337],{},[303,333,119],{},[303,335,336],{},"even",[303,338,310],{},[285,340,341,343,346],{},[303,342,129],{},[303,344,345],{},"on top of that",[303,347,348],{},"informal",[285,350,351,353,356],{},[303,352,158],{},[303,354,355],{},"however",[303,357,310],{},[285,359,360,362,365],{},[303,361,168],{},[303,363,364],{},"nevertheless",[303,366,320],{},[285,368,369,371,374],{},[303,370,189],{},[303,372,373],{},"on the other hand",[303,375,310],{},[285,377,378,380,383],{},[303,379,199],{},[303,381,382],{},"on the contrary",[303,384,320],{},[285,386,387,389,391],{},[303,388,203],{},[303,390,382],{},[303,392,310],{},[285,394,395,397,400],{},[303,396,213],{},[303,398,399],{},"whereas",[303,401,310],{},[285,403,404,406,409],{},[303,405,223],{},[303,407,408],{},"even so",[303,410,310],{},[285,412,413,415,418],{},[303,414,233],{},[303,416,417],{},"despite that",[303,419,310],{},[285,421,422,424,426],{},[303,423,236],{},[303,425,417],{},[303,427,320],{},[285,429,430,432,435],{},[303,431,246],{},[303,433,434],{},"that said",[303,436,320],{},[285,438,439,441,444],{},[303,440,256],{},[303,442,443],{},"anyway",[303,445,348],{},[70,447,449],{"id":448},"connectors-are-not-conjunctions","Connectors are not conjunctions",[57,451,452,453,455,456,459,460,463,464,467,468,471,472,475],{},"Here is the point that trips up learners. A conjunction like ",[61,454,178],{}," or ",[61,457,458],{},"y"," joins clauses ",[61,461,462],{},"inside"," a sentence and stays put at the join. A discourse connector behaves more like an ",[61,465,466],{},"adverb",": it comments on the whole sentence, usually sits off behind a ",[61,469,470],{},"comma",", and can ",[61,473,474],{},"move around",".",[82,477,478,484,490],{},[85,479,480,483],{},[61,481,482],{},"Sin embargo, no vino."," (However, he did not come.)",[85,485,486,489],{},[61,487,488],{},"No vino, sin embargo."," (He did not come, however.)",[85,491,492,495],{},[61,493,494],{},"No vino, sin embargo, a la reunión."," (He did not come, however, to the meeting.)",[57,497,498,499,501,502,504],{},"All three are fine. That mobility is why ",[61,500,158],{}," takes a comma and ",[61,503,178],{}," does not, and why you cannot simply swap one for the other without fixing the punctuation. If in doubt, park the connector at the front with a comma - it is always safe there.",[70,506,508],{"id":507},"the-aunque-trap-fact-versus-supposition","The aunque trap: fact versus supposition",[57,510,511,514],{},[61,512,513],{},"Aunque"," deserves its own warning, because the mood of the following verb changes what it means.",[82,516,517,531],{},[85,518,519,522,523,526,527,530],{},[61,520,521],{},"aunque + indicative"," = ",[61,524,525],{},"although"," (a fact). ",[61,528,529],{},"Aunque llueve, salgo."," (Although it is raining, I am going out - it really is raining.)",[85,532,533,522,536,539,540,543],{},[61,534,535],{},"aunque + subjunctive",[61,537,538],{},"even if"," (a supposition). ",[61,541,542],{},"Aunque llueva, salgo."," (Even if it rains, I am going out - it may or may not.)",[57,545,546,547,550,551,554,555,560],{},"So the verb does the work: ",[61,548,549],{},"indicative"," for a fact you accept, ",[61,552,553],{},"subjunctive"," for a possibility you merely allow. Getting this wrong reverses your meaning, which is why it is worth drilling on its own. The full subjunctive story lives on the ",[556,557,559],"a",{"href":558},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-adverbial-clauses","adverbial clauses"," page.",[70,562,564],{"id":563},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[57,566,567,570,571,574],{},[61,568,569],{},"Forgetting the comma."," Connectors need one: ",[61,572,573],{},"Sin embargo, no vino",", not \"Sin embargo no vino\". Without it the sentence reads as a run-on.",[57,576,577,580,581,584,585,587],{},[61,578,579],{},"Treating sin embargo like pero."," They are not swappable. ",[61,582,583],{},"Pero"," joins at the join and takes no comma; ",[61,586,158],{}," floats and takes a comma. \"No vino pero, ...\" is wrong.",[57,589,590,593,594,597,598,600,601,603],{},[61,591,592],{},"Mixing up en cambio and por el contrario."," ",[61,595,596],{},"En cambio"," compares two things; ",[61,599,199],{}," cancels and replaces the last claim. Only reach for ",[61,602,199],{}," when you are actually contradicting.",[57,605,606],{},"Learn a handful of these, honour the comma, and your writing will start to argue rather than merely list.",[70,608,610],{"id":609},"see-also","See also",[82,612,613,620,626,633],{},[85,614,615,619],{},[556,616,618],{"href":617},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconnectors-cause","Connectors of cause and consequence"," - porque, por eso, así que and the rest, for building reasons and results.",[85,621,622,625],{},[556,623,624],{"href":558},"The subjunctive in adverbial clauses"," - the full aunque story, plus para que, antes de que and the other triggers.",[85,627,628,632],{},[556,629,631],{"href":630},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpero-sino","Pero, sino and sino que"," - the everyday conjunctions of contrast that sit alongside these connectors.",[85,634,147,635,639],{},[556,636,638],{"href":637},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," collects the addition and contrast connectors with their registers on one card.",{"title":641,"searchDepth":642,"depth":642,"links":643},"",2,[644,645,646,647,648,649,650],{"id":72,"depth":642,"text":73},{"id":143,"depth":642,"text":144},{"id":267,"depth":642,"text":268},{"id":448,"depth":642,"text":449},{"id":507,"depth":642,"text":508},{"id":563,"depth":642,"text":564},{"id":609,"depth":642,"text":610},"B2","The Spanish discourse connectors that stitch ideas together: además and asimismo for adding, sin embargo, no obstante and en cambio for contrast, plus the aunque split and register notes.",[654,689],{"type":655,"instructions":656,"items":657},"fill-blank","Complete each sentence with the connector shown in brackets in English. Watch the meaning: is the idea being added or contrasted?",[658,662,666,670,673,677,681,685],{"prompt":659,"answer":660,"hint":661},"Es un coche rápido. ___, gasta poca gasolina. (moreover)","Además","adds a further point",{"prompt":663,"answer":664,"hint":665},"Estudié mucho. ___, no aprobé el examen. (however)","Sin embargo","the everyday contrast word",{"prompt":667,"answer":668,"hint":669},"El informe es breve. ___, es muy claro. (what is more)","Es más","raises the stakes",{"prompt":671,"answer":189,"hint":672},"Yo trabajo por la mañana; ella, ___, trabaja por la noche. (on the other hand)","compares two people",{"prompt":674,"answer":675,"hint":676},"El plan tiene riesgos. ___, vamos a intentarlo. (even so)","Aun así","grants the point then carries on",{"prompt":678,"answer":679,"hint":680},"La casa es pequeña. ___, es muy cómoda. (that said)","Ahora bien","softens the turn",{"prompt":682,"answer":683,"hint":684},"No me gusta correr. ___, voy al gimnasio cada día. (nevertheless, formal)","No obstante","formal register",{"prompt":686,"answer":687,"hint":688},"Llovía mucho. ___, decidimos salir de todos modos. (despite that)","A pesar de eso","despite the rain",{"type":690,"instructions":691,"items":692},"which-one","Choose the word that fits the meaning of each sentence.",[693,696,700,703,706,710],{"prompt":694,"answer":203,"options":695},"No es caro; ___, es una ganga.",[203,89],{"prompt":697,"answer":675,"options":698},"Es tarde. ___, quiero terminar el capítulo.",[675,699],"Asimismo",{"prompt":701,"answer":189,"options":702},"El norte es frío; el sur, ___, es cálido.",[189,109],{"prompt":704,"answer":89,"options":705},"Habla inglés y, ___, francés y alemán.",[89,158],{"prompt":707,"answer":513,"options":708},"___ llueve, voy a salir. (it really is raining)",[513,709],"Encima",{"prompt":711,"answer":168,"options":712},"El proyecto fracasó; ___, aprendimos mucho.",[168,99],"md",[715,718,721,724],{"q":716,"a":717},"What is the difference between a connector and a conjunction in Spanish?","A conjunction like pero, y or aunque joins two clauses inside one sentence and cannot move: it sits at the join. A discourse connector like sin embargo or además behaves like an adverb: it comments on the whole sentence, usually sits off behind a comma, and can shift position. Compare pero no vino (fixed) with sin embargo, no vino or no vino, sin embargo (movable). This is why sin embargo needs its comma and pero does not, and why you cannot swap one straight for the other without adjusting the punctuation.",{"q":719,"a":720},"Is there a difference between sin embargo and no obstante?","They mean the same thing, roughly however or nevertheless, and both mark a contrast with what came before. The difference is register. Sin embargo is neutral and works everywhere, from an essay to a conversation. No obstante is noticeably more formal and turns up in writing, reports and speeches; used in casual chat it can sound stiff. For an exam or an article either is safe, but if you only learn one, learn sin embargo, because it never sounds out of place.",{"q":722,"a":723},"When does aunque take the indicative and when the subjunctive?","Aunque with the indicative states a real fact and means although or even though: aunque llueve, salgo (although it is raining, I am going out - it really is raining). Aunque with the subjunctive presents something hypothetical or conceded and means even if: aunque llueva, salgo (even if it rains, I am going out - it may or may not). So the mood carries the meaning: indicative for a fact you accept, subjunctive for a possibility you allow. The subjunctive use is covered in full on the adverbial clauses page.",{"q":725,"a":726},"Can en cambio and por el contrario be used interchangeably?","Not quite. En cambio compares two things and highlights a difference, close to on the other hand: yo prefiero el té; ella, en cambio, prefiere el café. Por el contrario contradicts a previous statement and means on the contrary, the opposite of what was just said: no es aburrido; por el contrario, es fascinante. So en cambio sets two facts side by side, while por el contrario cancels the first statement and replaces it. Choosing wrongly muddles whether you are comparing or correcting.","higher","Once you can build sentences, the next leap is joining them so an argument flows. That is the job of discourse connectors: the linking words that let you pile one idea on another (además, es más, incluso) or swing the reader the other way (sin embargo, en cambio, a pesar de eso). They are what separate a wall of short sentences from prose that actually argues a case. Crucially, most connectors are not conjunctions: they behave like adverbs, they usually sit off behind a comma, and many can slide around the sentence - Sin embargo, no vino and No vino, sin embargo say the same thing. This page gathers the connectors of addition and contrast, sorts them by register so you know which belong in an essay and which belong in a chat, and clears up the classic trap of aunque, whose meaning flips depending on the mood of the verb after it. A companion page handles the connectors of cause and consequence, so here we stay firmly on adding and opposing.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconnectors-contrast",{"title":46,"description":652},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fconnectors-contrast","bN3vvV1Sp26kn6pCwdraXYHYL-coKdyLLSNJ3qO78WA",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":738},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":740},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":742},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":744},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]