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stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":584,"date":35,"description":585,"extension":586,"faqs":587,"gcseTier":594,"intro":595,"language":596,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":597,"navigation":598,"path":599,"seo":600,"stem":601,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":602},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs.md","Spanish Impersonal Verbs: hay, hace, se habla and the No-Subject Constructions",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":572},"minimark",[39,44,48,53,64,92,95,184,201,205,211,231,238,252,263,267,277,282,320,327,338,343,363,370,374,381,407,418,421,425,428,454,457,461,505,509,550,554],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"spanish-impersonal-verbs","Spanish Impersonal Verbs",[45,46,47],"p",{},"Some Spanish verbs and constructions don't take a personal subject. Things just exist, the weather just is, things just have to be done. These constructions are high-frequency and worth a dedicated page.",[49,50,52],"h2",{"id":51},"hay-existence","hay: existence",[45,54,55,59,60,63],{},[56,57,58],"strong",{},"Hay"," is the impersonal present-tense form of ",[56,61,62],{},"haber",". It translates as \"there is\" or \"there are\" and stays invariable regardless of whether the following noun is singular or plural.",[65,66,67,74,80,86],"ul",{},[68,69,70,73],"li",{},[56,71,72],{},"Hay un coche en la calle."," (There's a car in the street.)",[68,75,76,79],{},[56,77,78],{},"Hay tres restaurantes aquí."," (There are three restaurants here.)",[68,81,82,85],{},[56,83,84],{},"No hay nadie en casa."," (There's no one at home.)",[68,87,88,91],{},[56,89,90],{},"¿Hay leche?"," (Is there any milk?)",[45,93,94],{},"It exists in every tense, all invariable:",[96,97,98,114],"table",{},[99,100,101],"thead",{},[102,103,104,108,111],"tr",{},[105,106,107],"th",{},"Tense",[105,109,110],{},"Form",[105,112,113],{},"English",[115,116,117,129,140,151,162,173],"tbody",{},[102,118,119,123,126],{},[120,121,122],"td",{},"Present",[120,124,125],{},"hay",[120,127,128],{},"there is \u002F are",[102,130,131,134,137],{},[120,132,133],{},"Imperfect",[120,135,136],{},"había",[120,138,139],{},"there was \u002F were",[102,141,142,145,148],{},[120,143,144],{},"Preterite",[120,146,147],{},"hubo",[120,149,150],{},"there was (bounded)",[102,152,153,156,159],{},[120,154,155],{},"Future",[120,157,158],{},"habrá",[120,160,161],{},"there will be",[102,163,164,167,170],{},[120,165,166],{},"Conditional",[120,168,169],{},"habría",[120,171,172],{},"there would be",[102,174,175,178,181],{},[120,176,177],{},"Present perfect",[120,179,180],{},"ha habido",[120,182,183],{},"there has \u002F have been",[45,185,186,187,189,190,192,193,196,197,200],{},"The split between ",[56,188,136],{}," and ",[56,191,147],{}," mirrors the standard preterite-vs-imperfect rule: ",[56,194,195],{},"había tres personas"," for background description, ",[56,198,199],{},"hubo un accidente"," for a bounded event.",[49,202,204],{"id":203},"hay-que-obligation","hay que: obligation",[45,206,207,210],{},[56,208,209],{},"Hay que + infinitive"," expresses general or impersonal obligation - \"one must\" or \"it's necessary to\". No specific subject.",[65,212,213,219,225],{},[68,214,215,218],{},[56,216,217],{},"Hay que estudiar."," (One must study.)",[68,220,221,224],{},[56,222,223],{},"Hay que comer bien."," (You have to eat well.)",[68,226,227,230],{},[56,228,229],{},"Hay que pagar al final."," (You have to pay at the end.)",[45,232,233,234,237],{},"For personal obligation (\"I have to\", \"you have to\"), use ",[56,235,236],{},"tener que + infinitive",":",[65,239,240,246],{},[68,241,242,245],{},[56,243,244],{},"Tengo que estudiar."," (I have to study.)",[68,247,248,251],{},[56,249,250],{},"Tienes que pagar."," (You have to pay.)",[45,253,254,255,258,259,262],{},"The two are distinct: ",[56,256,257],{},"hay que"," is generic and applies to everyone; ",[56,260,261],{},"tener que"," specifies who.",[49,264,266],{"id":265},"hace-weather-and-time","hace: weather and time",[45,268,269,272,273,276],{},[56,270,271],{},"Hace"," comes from ",[56,274,275],{},"hacer"," (to make \u002F to do) and serves two impersonal functions.",[45,278,279,237],{},[56,280,281],{},"Weather",[65,283,284,290,296,302,308,314],{},[68,285,286,289],{},[56,287,288],{},"Hace frío."," (It's cold. - lit. it makes cold)",[68,291,292,295],{},[56,293,294],{},"Hace calor."," (It's hot.)",[68,297,298,301],{},[56,299,300],{},"Hace sol."," (It's sunny.)",[68,303,304,307],{},[56,305,306],{},"Hace viento."," (It's windy.)",[68,309,310,313],{},[56,311,312],{},"Hace buen tiempo."," (The weather's good.)",[68,315,316,319],{},[56,317,318],{},"Hace mal tiempo."," (The weather's bad.)",[45,321,322,323,326],{},"These all use ",[56,324,325],{},"hace + noun",". The noun isn't an adjective - calor is heat, frío is cold. English would use an adjective (\"it's cold\"), Spanish uses a noun (\"it makes cold\").",[45,328,329,330,333,334,337],{},"Some weather uses estar with adjectives instead: ",[56,331,332],{},"está nublado"," (it's cloudy), ",[56,335,336],{},"está despejado"," (it's clear).",[45,339,340,237],{},[56,341,342],{},"Time elapsed",[65,344,345,351,357],{},[68,346,347,350],{},[56,348,349],{},"Hace dos años que vivo aquí."," (I've lived here for two years. - lit. it makes two years that I live here)",[68,352,353,356],{},[56,354,355],{},"Hace una hora que estudia."," (He's been studying for an hour.)",[68,358,359,362],{},[56,360,361],{},"Hace cinco minutos que llegué."," (I arrived five minutes ago.)",[45,364,365,366,369],{},"The pattern is ",[56,367,368],{},"hace + time + que + verb",". Spanish uses the present tense after que for an ongoing duration, and the preterite for a bounded past event.",[49,371,373],{"id":372},"se-3rd-person-the-generic-one","se + 3rd person: the generic \"one\"",[45,375,376,377,380],{},"Spanish uses ",[56,378,379],{},"se + 3rd-person verb"," to make a generic, subject-less statement - the equivalent of English \"one does X\" or the passive \"X is done\".",[65,382,383,389,395,401],{},[68,384,385,388],{},[56,386,387],{},"Se habla español aquí."," (Spanish is spoken here. \u002F They speak Spanish here.)",[68,390,391,394],{},[56,392,393],{},"Aquí se vive bien."," (One lives well here.)",[68,396,397,400],{},[56,398,399],{},"No se puede fumar."," (Smoking isn't allowed. \u002F One can't smoke.)",[68,402,403,406],{},[56,404,405],{},"Se venden libros."," (Books are sold. \u002F They sell books.)",[45,408,409,410,413,414,417],{},"The verb agrees in number with the subject when one is present: ",[56,411,412],{},"se vende un coche"," (a car is sold - singular), ",[56,415,416],{},"se venden libros"," (books are sold - plural).",[45,419,420],{},"This is the standard impersonal in Spanish - more common than the passive voice (es vendido), which feels stiff in everyday use.",[49,422,424],{"id":423},"interesar-gustar-encantar","interesar \u002F gustar \u002F encantar",[45,426,427],{},"Verbs of liking and interest behave impersonally - the thing liked is the grammatical subject, and the person who likes it is the indirect object.",[65,429,430,436,442,448],{},[68,431,432,435],{},[56,433,434],{},"Me gusta el café."," (I like coffee. - lit. coffee is pleasing to me)",[68,437,438,441],{},[56,439,440],{},"Me gustan los libros."," (I like books. - verb agrees with libros, plural)",[68,443,444,447],{},[56,445,446],{},"Le interesa la política."," (Politics interests him \u002F her.)",[68,449,450,453],{},[56,451,452],{},"Nos encanta esta canción."," (We love this song.)",[45,455,456],{},"Verb agreement is with the thing liked, not the person who likes it. This catches every English speaker once. The cheatsheet covers the full pattern.",[49,458,460],{"id":459},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[65,462,463,469,475,481,487,493,499],{},[68,464,465,468],{},[56,466,467],{},"Hay mucha gente en la plaza."," (There are a lot of people in the square.)",[68,470,471,474],{},[56,472,473],{},"Hace mucho frío en invierno."," (It's very cold in winter.)",[68,476,477,480],{},[56,478,479],{},"Hay que ser puntual."," (You have to be on time.)",[68,482,483,486],{},[56,484,485],{},"Aquí se habla español y catalán."," (Spanish and Catalan are spoken here.)",[68,488,489,492],{},[56,490,491],{},"Hace dos meses que estudio chino."," (I've been studying Chinese for two months.)",[68,494,495,498],{},[56,496,497],{},"No me gusta el café."," (I don't like coffee.)",[68,500,501,504],{},[56,502,503],{},"Hubo un accidente anoche."," (There was an accident last night.)",[49,506,508],{"id":507},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,510,511,512,515,516,518,519,521,522,525,526,529,530,533,534,537,538,541,542,545,546,549],{},"Pluralising hay: ",[56,513,514],{},"hayn"," doesn't exist - it's always ",[56,517,125],{}," for both singular and plural. Confusing ",[56,520,125],{}," (there is) with ",[56,523,524],{},"es"," (it is): ",[56,527,528],{},"hay un problema"," (there's a problem), not \"es un problema\" unless you're identifying a specific known thing. Using ",[56,531,532],{},"está"," for weather where Spanish wants hace: ",[56,535,536],{},"está frío"," is wrong for \"it's cold\"; it's ",[56,539,540],{},"hace frío",". And forgetting the agreement on gustar: ",[56,543,544],{},"me gusta los libros"," is wrong, it's ",[56,547,548],{},"me gustan los libros",".",[49,551,553],{"id":552},"see-also","See also",[65,555,556,565],{},[68,557,558,559,564],{},"The ",[560,561,563],"a",{"href":562},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," has the full gustar \u002F interesar \u002F encantar reference table.",[68,566,558,567,571],{},[560,568,570],{"href":569},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate Spanish grammar"," page covers passive se and the full impersonal system.",{"title":573,"searchDepth":574,"depth":574,"links":575},"",2,[576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583],{"id":51,"depth":574,"text":52},{"id":203,"depth":574,"text":204},{"id":265,"depth":574,"text":266},{"id":372,"depth":574,"text":373},{"id":423,"depth":574,"text":424},{"id":459,"depth":574,"text":460},{"id":507,"depth":574,"text":508},{"id":552,"depth":574,"text":553},"B1","Spanish impersonal constructions - hay (there is\u002Fare), hay que (one must), hace + weather, se + 3rd person for generic 'one'. Verbs without a personal subject.","md",[588,591],{"q":589,"a":590},"What does hay mean in Spanish?","Hay is the impersonal form of haber and translates as 'there is' or 'there are'. It doesn't change for singular or plural - hay un coche (there's a car), hay tres coches (there are three cars). The past forms are había (there was \u002F there were), hubo (there was - bounded event), habrá (there will be), habría (there would be) - all invariable for number. Hay is one of the highest-frequency verbs in Spanish and the standard way to assert existence.",{"q":592,"a":593},"What is the difference between es and hace for weather?","Spanish uses hace for most weather phenomena - hace frío (it's cold), hace calor (it's hot), hace sol (it's sunny), hace viento (it's windy). Literally 'it makes cold \u002F heat \u002F sun \u002F wind'. Estar is used for adjectival descriptions - está nublado (it's cloudy), está soleado (it's sunny). Ser is rare in weather; you'll see it for general or repeated patterns - el clima es seco aquí (the climate is dry here). The default for talking about today's weather is hace + noun.","foundation","Spanish has a family of constructions where no specific subject performs the action - things just happen, are, or have to be done. Hay covers existence, hace covers weather and time elapsed, hay que covers general obligation, and se + 3rd person turns any verb into a generic 'one does X' construction. This page covers all four.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs",{"title":34,"description":585},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs","Ee8zLbnEirCOWFgJ-5VsqTkHUDUT7e1OslwC1tPXoqw",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":605},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":607},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":609},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":611},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":613},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":615},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":617},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":619,"hidden":598},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]