[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"i-lucide:chevron-down":3,"i-lucide:type":8,"i-lucide:languages":10,"i-lucide:layers":12,"i-lucide:menu":14,"i-lucide:house":16,"i-lucide:chevron-right":18,"i-lucide:list-ordered":20,"i-lucide:book-open":22,"i-lucide:library-big":24,"i-lucide:book-open-text":26,"i-lucide:graduation-cap":28,"i-lucide:case-sensitive":30,"i-lucide:gamepad-2":32,"i-lucide:presentation":34,"i-simple-icons:bluesky":36,"grammar-spanish-noun-plurals":38,"grammar-verbs-spanish-noun-plurals":724,"i-lucide:pencil-line":725,"i-lucide:download":727,"i-lucide:folder-down":729,"i-lucide:volume-2":731},{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":7},0,24,false,"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m6 9l6 6l6-6\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":9},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" 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5\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":37},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"id":39,"title":40,"author":41,"body":42,"cefrLevel":609,"date":610,"description":611,"exercises":612,"extension":692,"faqs":693,"gcseTier":709,"intro":609,"language":609,"lastUpdated":610,"meta":710,"navigation":719,"path":720,"seo":721,"stem":722,"verbSlugs":609,"__hash__":723},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-plurals.md","Spanish Noun Plurals: Add -s, Add -es, Swap -z for -ces, and the Nouns That Never Change","Michael McGettrick",{"type":43,"value":44,"toc":596},"minimark",[45,50,54,57,62,65,143,146,150,153,222,225,229,232,279,282,286,289,347,350,353,357,360,419,422,431,435,438,485,493,497,500,517,520,524,550,554],[46,47,49],"h1",{"id":48},"spanish-noun-plurals","Spanish Noun Plurals",[51,52,53],"p",{},"Making a Spanish noun plural is a two-rule job with one spelling adjustment and one no-change group. If English plurals scarred you (children, feet, mice, sheep), relax: Spanish has nothing comparable. Ten minutes on this page covers effectively every noun you will meet in your first year, and most of the ones after that.",[51,55,56],{},"This article covers the two regular rules, the -z to -ces spelling swap, the nouns that never change, how the articles pluralise alongside the noun, a brief preview of adjective agreement, and the handful of accent-mark adjustments worth knowing about.",[58,59,61],"h2",{"id":60},"rule-1-vowel-ending-add-s","Rule 1: vowel ending, add -s",[51,63,64],{},"If the noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), add -s:",[66,67,68,84],"table",{},[69,70,71],"thead",{},[72,73,74,78,81],"tr",{},[75,76,77],"th",{},"Singular",[75,79,80],{},"Plural",[75,82,83],{},"English",[85,86,87,99,110,121,132],"tbody",{},[72,88,89,93,96],{},[90,91,92],"td",{},"la casa",[90,94,95],{},"las casas",[90,97,98],{},"the houses",[72,100,101,104,107],{},[90,102,103],{},"la cosa",[90,105,106],{},"las cosas",[90,108,109],{},"the things",[72,111,112,115,118],{},[90,113,114],{},"el día",[90,116,117],{},"los días",[90,119,120],{},"the days",[72,122,123,126,129],{},[90,124,125],{},"el año",[90,127,128],{},"los años",[90,130,131],{},"the years",[72,133,134,137,140],{},[90,135,136],{},"el hombre",[90,138,139],{},"los hombres",[90,141,142],{},"the men",[51,144,145],{},"This is the majority case, because most Spanish nouns end in -o, -a or -e. Note that el hombre takes plain -s: the rule looks at the final letter, and -e is a vowel. The accent on día survives the plural untouched - los días.",[58,147,149],{"id":148},"rule-2-consonant-ending-add-es","Rule 2: consonant ending, add -es",[51,151,152],{},"If the noun ends in a consonant, add -es:",[66,154,155,165],{},[69,156,157],{},[72,158,159,161,163],{},[75,160,77],{},[75,162,80],{},[75,164,83],{},[85,166,167,178,189,200,211],{},[72,168,169,172,175],{},[90,170,171],{},"el señor",[90,173,174],{},"los señores",[90,176,177],{},"the gentlemen",[72,179,180,183,186],{},[90,181,182],{},"la verdad",[90,184,185],{},"las verdades",[90,187,188],{},"the truths",[72,190,191,194,197],{},[90,192,193],{},"la ciudad",[90,195,196],{},"las ciudades",[90,198,199],{},"the cities",[72,201,202,205,208],{},[90,203,204],{},"el color",[90,206,207],{},"los colores",[90,209,210],{},"the colours",[72,212,213,216,219],{},[90,214,215],{},"el mes",[90,217,218],{},"los meses",[90,220,221],{},"the months",[51,223,224],{},"The extra syllable keeps the word pronounceable: señors would jam two consonants together in a way Spanish avoids, so the language inserts the e. Say señores and meses aloud and the rule justifies itself.",[58,226,228],{"id":227},"the-spelling-swap-z-becomes-ces","The spelling swap: -z becomes -ces",[51,230,231],{},"Nouns ending in -z follow rule 2, but Spanish spelling does not write z before e, so the z is written as c:",[66,233,234,244],{},[69,235,236],{},[72,237,238,240,242],{},[75,239,77],{},[75,241,80],{},[75,243,83],{},[85,245,246,257,268],{},[72,247,248,251,254],{},[90,249,250],{},"la vez",[90,252,253],{},"las veces",[90,255,256],{},"the times",[72,258,259,262,265],{},[90,260,261],{},"la luz",[90,263,264],{},"las luces",[90,266,267],{},"the lights",[72,269,270,273,276],{},[90,271,272],{},"el lápiz",[90,274,275],{},"los lápices",[90,277,278],{},"the pencils",[51,280,281],{},"This is a spelling convention, not an irregular plural - the sound does exactly what rule 2 predicts. The word to anchor it on is vez, one of the most frequent nouns in Spanish: otra vez (again) and muchas veces (many times) will appear in your first week, so the veces form pays for itself immediately.",[58,283,285],{"id":284},"the-no-change-group-unstressed-final-s","The no-change group: unstressed final -s",[51,287,288],{},"Nouns of more than one syllable ending in an unstressed -s are identical in singular and plural. The article carries the entire distinction:",[66,290,291,301],{},[69,292,293],{},[72,294,295,297,299],{},[75,296,77],{},[75,298,80],{},[75,300,83],{},[85,302,303,314,325,336],{},[72,304,305,308,311],{},[90,306,307],{},"el lunes",[90,309,310],{},"los lunes",[90,312,313],{},"Monday, Mondays",[72,315,316,319,322],{},[90,317,318],{},"el martes",[90,320,321],{},"los martes",[90,323,324],{},"Tuesday, Tuesdays",[72,326,327,330,333],{},[90,328,329],{},"la crisis",[90,331,332],{},"las crisis",[90,334,335],{},"the crisis, the crises",[72,337,338,341,344],{},[90,339,340],{},"el paraguas",[90,342,343],{},"los paraguas",[90,345,346],{},"the umbrella, umbrellas",[51,348,349],{},"The days of the week are the group's headline members, and they double as a useful idiom: el lunes means \"on Monday\" and los lunes means \"on Mondays\", so the article change carries real meaning, not just grammar.",[51,351,352],{},"The boundary of the group matters. Nouns ending in a stressed syllable plus -s do change: el mes, los meses; el inglés, los ingleses (and the written accent drops in the plural, because the stress no longer needs marking). If the final -s sits in an unstressed syllable, the noun freezes; if the last syllable is stressed, rule 2 applies.",[58,354,356],{"id":355},"the-article-pluralises-with-the-noun","The article pluralises with the noun",[51,358,359],{},"Spanish plural marking is a team effort. Each singular article has a plural partner, and the pair always moves together:",[66,361,362,373],{},[69,363,364],{},[72,365,366,368,370],{},[75,367,77],{},[75,369,80],{},[75,371,372],{},"Example",[85,374,375,386,397,408],{},[72,376,377,380,383],{},[90,378,379],{},"el",[90,381,382],{},"los",[90,384,385],{},"el día, los días",[72,387,388,391,394],{},[90,389,390],{},"la",[90,392,393],{},"las",[90,395,396],{},"la casa, las casas",[72,398,399,402,405],{},[90,400,401],{},"un",[90,403,404],{},"unos",[90,406,407],{},"un señor, unos señores",[72,409,410,413,416],{},[90,411,412],{},"una",[90,414,415],{},"unas",[90,417,418],{},"una cosa, unas cosas",[51,420,421],{},"Unos and unas translate as \"some\" or \"a few\": unos días is \"a few days\", unas cosas is \"some things\". For the no-change nouns above, the article is the only visible plural marker - los lunes is plural purely because of los - which is why article agreement is not optional polish but a load-bearing part of the system.",[51,423,424,425,430],{},"If the el\u002Fla choice itself is still shaky, gender is the input to everything on this page: the ",[426,427,429],"a",{"href":428},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-gender","noun gender"," article covers it in full.",[58,432,434],{"id":433},"preview-adjectives-pluralise-too","Preview: adjectives pluralise too",[51,436,437],{},"Adjectives follow the same two rules as nouns - vowel ending adds -s, consonant ending adds -es - and they agree with the noun in both gender and number. The result is that the whole phrase moves together:",[66,439,440,450],{},[69,441,442],{},[72,443,444,446,448],{},[75,445,77],{},[75,447,80],{},[75,449,83],{},[85,451,452,463,474],{},[72,453,454,457,460],{},[90,455,456],{},"la casa buena",[90,458,459],{},"las casas buenas",[90,461,462],{},"the good houses",[72,464,465,468,471],{},[90,466,467],{},"el día bueno",[90,469,470],{},"los días buenos",[90,472,473],{},"the good days",[72,475,476,479,482],{},[90,477,478],{},"una cosa buena",[90,480,481],{},"unas cosas buenas",[90,483,484],{},"some good things",[51,486,487,488,492],{},"One plural decision, three agreeing words. This is the reason to practise at phrase level rather than noun level; the full ending system lives in the ",[426,489,491],{"href":490},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadjective-agreement","adjective agreement"," article.",[58,494,496],{"id":495},"accent-housekeeping","Accent housekeeping",[51,498,499],{},"Two small adjustments show up when the plural adds a syllable, both driven by the fact that written accents mark stress and the stress stays on the same syllable:",[501,502,503,511],"ol",{},[504,505,506,510],"li",{},[507,508,509],"strong",{},"Accents can drop."," La canción becomes las canciones, el inglés becomes los ingleses. The plural syllable count changes, the stress position becomes predictable, and the accent mark is no longer needed.",[504,512,513,516],{},[507,514,515],{},"Accents can appear."," El joven becomes los jóvenes. Adding -es would otherwise shift the default stress, so the accent pins it in place.",[51,518,519],{},"Neither case is something to memorise word by word - both fall out of the stress rules automatically once you read Spanish aloud. At this stage, simply notice that día keeps its accent (los días - no syllable count change before the stress) and move on.",[58,521,523],{"id":522},"the-strategy","The strategy",[501,525,526,532,538,544],{},[504,527,528,531],{},[507,529,530],{},"Run the two rules on sight."," Vowel plus -s, consonant plus -es. This is instant and nearly always right.",[504,533,534,537],{},[507,535,536],{},"Anchor the -z swap on veces."," You will use muchas veces constantly; let it carry the spelling rule for luz and lápiz later.",[504,539,540,543],{},[507,541,542],{},"Spot the frozen -s nouns by the article."," Days of the week are the daily-life cases: el lunes versus los lunes.",[504,545,546,549],{},[507,547,548],{},"Drill phrases, not nouns."," La casa buena to las casas buenas. The plural is a property of the phrase, and practising it that way builds the agreement reflex that Spanish rewards everywhere.",[58,551,553],{"id":552},"cross-links","Cross-links",[555,556,557,565,572,577,584,589],"ul",{},[504,558,559,560,564],{},"The ",[426,561,563],{"href":562},"\u002Fspanish","Spanish pillar"," covers the wider adult-learner approach to Spanish.",[504,566,559,567,571],{},[426,568,570],{"href":569},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," covers the A1-B1 grammar foundation.",[504,573,559,574,576],{},[426,575,429],{"href":428}," article covers the el\u002Fla decision that plurals build on.",[504,578,559,579,583],{},[426,580,582],{"href":581},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Farticles","articles"," page covers el, la, un, una and their plural partners in full.",[504,585,559,586,588],{},[426,587,491],{"href":490}," page covers the ending system previewed here.",[504,590,559,591,595],{},[426,592,594],{"href":593},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fword-order","Spanish word order"," article covers where the agreeing adjective sits in the sentence.",{"title":597,"searchDepth":598,"depth":598,"links":599},"",2,[600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608],{"id":60,"depth":598,"text":61},{"id":148,"depth":598,"text":149},{"id":227,"depth":598,"text":228},{"id":284,"depth":598,"text":285},{"id":355,"depth":598,"text":356},{"id":433,"depth":598,"text":434},{"id":495,"depth":598,"text":496},{"id":522,"depth":598,"text":523},{"id":552,"depth":598,"text":553},null,"2026-07-07T00:00:00+00:00","How to make Spanish nouns plural: -s after vowels, -es after consonants, -z to -ces, unstressed -s nouns unchanged, and the article agreeing too.",[613,641,671],{"type":614,"instructions":615,"items":616},"fill-blank","Write the plural of each noun. Watch the -z and the no-change nouns.",[617,620,624,628,632,635,638],{"prompt":618,"answer":619},"la casa, las ___","casas",{"prompt":621,"answer":622,"hint":623},"el día, los ___","días","vowel ending, add -s",{"prompt":625,"answer":626,"hint":627},"el señor, los ___","señores","consonant ending, add -es",{"prompt":629,"answer":630,"hint":631},"la vez, las ___","veces","z becomes c before -es",{"prompt":633,"answer":634},"la verdad, las ___","verdades",{"prompt":636,"answer":637},"el año, los ___","años",{"prompt":639,"answer":640},"el hombre, los ___","hombres",{"type":642,"instructions":643,"items":644},"which-one","Pick the correct plural form.",[645,649,653,657,663,667],{"prompt":629,"answer":630,"options":646},[630,647,648],"vezes","vez",{"prompt":621,"answer":622,"options":650},[622,651,652],"díaes","día",{"prompt":625,"answer":626,"options":654},[626,655,656],"señors","señor",{"prompt":658,"answer":659,"options":660},"la cosa, las ___","cosas",[659,661,662],"cosaes","cosa",{"prompt":639,"answer":640,"options":664},[640,665,666],"hombrees","hombre",{"prompt":633,"answer":634,"options":668},[634,669,670],"verdads","verdad",{"type":672,"instructions":673,"items":674},"translate","Translate into Spanish. Pluralise the article with the noun, and make any adjective agree.",[675,676,679,682,683,686,689],{"prompt":98,"answer":95},{"prompt":677,"answer":678},"two years","dos años",{"prompt":680,"answer":681},"many times","muchas veces",{"prompt":142,"answer":139},{"prompt":684,"answer":685},"two days","dos días",{"prompt":687,"answer":688},"the good things","las cosas buenas",{"prompt":690,"answer":691},"some gentlemen","unos señores","md",[694,697,700,703,706],{"q":695,"a":696},"How do you make a noun plural in Spanish?","Two regular rules cover almost everything. If the noun ends in a vowel, add -s: la casa, las casas; la cosa, las cosas; el día, los días. If the noun ends in a consonant, add -es: el señor, los señores; la verdad, las verdades; la ciudad, las ciudades. On top of those sit one spelling adjustment (final -z becomes -ces: la vez, las veces) and one no-change group (nouns of more than one syllable ending in unstressed -s, like el lunes, los lunes). The article pluralises alongside: el to los, la to las.",{"q":698,"a":699},"Why does la vez become las veces?","It is a spelling rule, not an irregular plural. Spanish spelling avoids the letter z before e or i, so when -es is added to a noun ending in -z, the z is written as c: la vez, las veces; la luz, las luces; el lápiz, los lápices. The pronunciation change is exactly what the regular rule predicts - only the spelling of the letter adjusts. Once you know the z-to-c convention, this group is fully regular, and vez is the word to learn it on: it is one of the most frequent nouns in the language, and otra vez (again) plus muchas veces (many times) will be in your first hundred sentences.",{"q":701,"a":702},"Which Spanish nouns do not change in the plural?","Nouns of more than one syllable that end in an unstressed -s stay identical, and the article does all the work. The flagship examples are the days of the week: el lunes, los lunes (Monday, Mondays); el martes, los martes. Others include la crisis, las crisis and el paraguas, los paraguas. The logic: the word already ends in -s and the final syllable is unstressed, so Spanish declines to stack another plural ending on top. Contrast one-syllable or final-stress nouns ending in -s, which do change: el mes, los meses (month, months); el inglés, los ingleses.",{"q":704,"a":705},"Do the articles change in the plural?","Always. The four singular articles each have a plural partner: el becomes los (el día, los días), la becomes las (la casa, las casas), un becomes unos (un señor, unos señores) and una becomes unas (una cosa, unas cosas). Unos and unas translate as 'some' or 'a few'. This pairing is not optional decoration - for the no-change nouns like el lunes, the article is the only visible plural marker, so los lunes (Mondays) versus el lunes (Monday) is carried entirely by los.",{"q":707,"a":708},"Do adjectives pluralise with the noun too?","Yes, with the same two rules: vowel ending adds -s, consonant ending adds -es. So la casa buena becomes las casas buenas, and el día azul becomes los días azules. The whole noun phrase - article, noun, adjective - moves to the plural as a unit, which is why it pays to practise phrases rather than bare nouns. The full ending system, including gender agreement, is covered in the adjective agreement article; for plurals the takeaway is simply that the -s or -es spreads across everything that touches the noun.","foundation",{"category":711,"tags":712,"tldr":717,"authorsTake":718},"Grammar",[713,714,715,716],"spanish plurals","spanish grammar","plural nouns in spanish","spanish for beginners","Spanish plurals run on three rules. Nouns ending in a vowel add -s (la casa, las casas; el día, los días). Nouns ending in a consonant add -es (el señor, los señores; la verdad, las verdades). Nouns ending in -z swap the z for c before adding -es (la vez, las veces) - a spelling rule, not an irregularity, because Spanish avoids writing z before e. One group changes nothing at all: nouns of more than one syllable ending in unstressed -s, led by the days of the week (el lunes, los lunes), where only the article marks the plural. And that is the other half of the system - the article always pluralises with the noun: el becomes los, la becomes las, un becomes unos, una becomes unas. Adjectives follow the same -s \u002F -es logic, so a whole noun phrase moves to the plural together: la casa buena, las casas buenas.","Spanish plurals are one of the few corners of the language that are genuinely easier than English, and it is worth saying so out loud. English pluralisation is a minefield of children, feet, mice, sheep and crises; Spanish has two regular rules, one spelling adjustment, and a small no-change group you can spot on sight. A learner who drills the plural of vez and lunes for ten minutes has essentially finished the topic for life.\n\nThe one place I would push beginners harder than the textbooks do is the article. Learners practise casa to casas and think the job is done, but in real Spanish the noun almost never travels alone - the article and any adjective pluralise with it. The useful drill unit is not the noun but the phrase: la casa buena to las casas buenas. Practise at phrase level from day one and agreement stops being a checklist and starts being a reflex.\n",true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-plurals",{"title":40,"description":611},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-plurals","Cu7xhJ9bkA2sVvmtT3ID9lJfhxsH79Xb7NedKRG58UE",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":726},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":728},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":730},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":732},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]