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Suffixes: -ción, -dad, -miento, -eza (and the gender each gives)",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":869},"minimark",[51,56,85,90,261,265,271,314,350,354,367,407,433,437,450,492,503,507,512,554,575,579,586,628,637,641,650,681,690,694,701,733,744,748,756,776,786,805,817,821,840,844],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"spanish-noun-suffixes","Spanish Noun Suffixes",[57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,72,73,76,77,80,81,84],"p",{},"Spanish does not invent a fresh word every time it needs a noun. It takes a verb or an adjective it already has and bolts on a suffix, and the suffix carries a fixed meaning and a fixed gender. ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"Construir"," (to build) becomes ",[61,66,67],{},"la construcción"," (the construction); ",[61,70,71],{},"real"," (real) becomes ",[61,74,75],{},"la realidad"," (the reality). Once you know the handful of productive suffixes, you can read a noun you have never met and guess both what it means and whether it takes ",[61,78,79],{},"el"," or ",[61,82,83],{},"la",". For a B2 learner that is a large payoff: it turns thousands of abstract nouns from things to memorise into things to decode. This page walks through the suffixes one at a time.",[86,87,89],"h2",{"id":88},"the-one-table-to-keep","The one table to keep",[91,92,93,115],"table",{},[94,95,96],"thead",{},[97,98,99,103,106,109,112],"tr",{},[100,101,102],"th",{},"Suffix",[100,104,105],{},"Gender",[100,107,108],{},"Built from",[100,110,111],{},"Meaning",[100,113,114],{},"Example",[116,117,118,136,152,167,181,197,213,229,244],"tbody",{},[97,119,120,124,127,130,133],{},[121,122,123],"td",{},"-ción, -sión",[121,125,126],{},"feminine",[121,128,129],{},"verb",[121,131,132],{},"action or result",[121,134,135],{},"construir -> la construcción",[97,137,138,141,143,146,149],{},[121,139,140],{},"-dad, -tad",[121,142,126],{},[121,144,145],{},"adjective",[121,147,148],{},"quality",[121,150,151],{},"real -> la realidad",[97,153,154,157,160,162,164],{},[121,155,156],{},"-miento, -mento",[121,158,159],{},"masculine",[121,161,129],{},[121,163,132],{},[121,165,166],{},"mover -> el movimiento",[97,168,169,172,174,176,178],{},[121,170,171],{},"-ez, -eza",[121,173,126],{},[121,175,145],{},[121,177,148],{},[121,179,180],{},"rápido -> la rapidez",[97,182,183,186,188,191,194],{},[121,184,185],{},"-ura",[121,187,126],{},[121,189,190],{},"adj \u002F verb",[121,192,193],{},"quality or result",[121,195,196],{},"alto -> la altura",[97,198,199,202,204,207,210],{},[121,200,201],{},"-aje",[121,203,159],{},[121,205,206],{},"verb \u002F noun",[121,208,209],{},"action or collective",[121,211,212],{},"aterrizar -> el aterrizaje",[97,214,215,218,220,223,226],{},[121,216,217],{},"-ería",[121,219,126],{},[121,221,222],{},"noun \u002F adj",[121,224,225],{},"shop or collective",[121,227,228],{},"pan -> la panadería",[97,230,231,234,236,238,241],{},[121,232,233],{},"-ismo",[121,235,159],{},[121,237,222],{},[121,239,240],{},"doctrine or system",[121,242,243],{},"turista -> el turismo",[97,245,246,249,252,255,258],{},[121,247,248],{},"-ista",[121,250,251],{},"common",[121,253,254],{},"noun",[121,256,257],{},"agent or follower",[121,259,260],{},"el turista \u002F la turista",[86,262,264],{"id":263},"ción-and-sión-the-action-of-a-verb-feminine","-ción and -sión: the action of a verb (feminine)",[57,266,267,268,270],{},"This is the most productive suffix in the whole language, and it is always ",[61,269,126],{},". It turns a verb into the noun for its action or its result:",[272,273,274,284,294,304],"ul",{},[275,276,277,280,281,283],"li",{},[61,278,279],{},"construir"," (to build) -> ",[61,282,67],{}," (the construction)",[275,285,286,289,290,293],{},[61,287,288],{},"decidir"," (to decide) -> ",[61,291,292],{},"la decisión"," (the decision)",[275,295,296,299,300,303],{},[61,297,298],{},"informar"," (to inform) -> ",[61,301,302],{},"la información"," (the information)",[275,305,306,309,310,313],{},[61,307,308],{},"educar"," (to educate) -> ",[61,311,312],{},"la educación"," (the education)",[57,315,316,317,320,321,324,325,328,329,324,332,335,336,339,340,342,343,328,346,349],{},"If you already know the English ",[61,318,319],{},"-tion"," word, you very often have the Spanish for free: ",[61,322,323],{},"nation"," is ",[61,326,327],{},"la nación",", ",[61,330,331],{},"relation",[61,333,334],{},"la relación",", all feminine. The ",[61,337,338],{},"-sión"," spelling is the same suffix after certain stems (",[61,341,288],{}," -> ",[61,344,345],{},"decisión",[61,347,348],{},"televisión","), and it is feminine too.",[86,351,353],{"id":352},"dad-and-tad-the-quality-of-an-adjective-feminine","-dad and -tad: the quality of an adjective (feminine)",[57,355,356,357,80,360,363,364,366],{},"Take an adjective, add ",[61,358,359],{},"-dad",[61,361,362],{},"-tad",", and you get the abstract quality it names, always ",[61,365,126],{},":",[272,368,369,377,387,397],{},[275,370,371,373,374,376],{},[61,372,71],{}," (real) -> ",[61,375,75],{}," (reality)",[275,378,379,382,383,386],{},[61,380,381],{},"posible"," (possible) -> ",[61,384,385],{},"la posibilidad"," (possibility)",[275,388,389,392,393,396],{},[61,390,391],{},"libre"," (free) -> ",[61,394,395],{},"la libertad"," (freedom)",[275,398,399,402,403,406],{},[61,400,401],{},"difícil"," (difficult) -> ",[61,404,405],{},"la dificultad"," (difficulty)",[57,408,409,410,413,414,417,418,420,421,324,424,328,427,324,430,432],{},"These map onto English ",[61,411,412],{},"-ty"," the way ",[61,415,416],{},"-ción"," maps onto ",[61,419,319],{},": ",[61,422,423],{},"university",[61,425,426],{},"la universidad",[61,428,429],{},"liberty",[61,431,395],{},". Feminine every time.",[86,434,436],{"id":435},"miento-and-mento-action-or-result-masculine","-miento and -mento: action or result (masculine)",[57,438,439,440,443,444,447,448,366],{},"Here the gender flips. ",[61,441,442],{},"-miento"," and ",[61,445,446],{},"-mento"," also turn a verb into the noun for its action or result, but they are ",[61,449,159],{},[272,451,452,462,472,482],{},[275,453,454,457,458,461],{},[61,455,456],{},"mover"," (to move) -> ",[61,459,460],{},"el movimiento"," (the movement)",[275,463,464,467,468,471],{},[61,465,466],{},"sentir"," (to feel) -> ",[61,469,470],{},"el sentimiento"," (the feeling)",[275,473,474,477,478,481],{},[61,475,476],{},"conocer"," (to know) -> ",[61,479,480],{},"el conocimiento"," (the knowledge)",[275,483,484,487,488,491],{},[61,485,486],{},"pensar"," (to think) -> ",[61,489,490],{},"el pensamiento"," (the thought)",[57,493,494,495,80,497,499,500,502],{},"Nothing in the verb predicts whether it will take ",[61,496,416],{},[61,498,442],{},", so you learn the noun as a unit. But the ending is still doing you a favour: the moment you see ",[61,501,442],{},", you know the word is masculine.",[86,504,506],{"id":505},"ez-and-eza-quality-again-feminine","-ez and -eza: quality again (feminine)",[57,508,509,510,366],{},"Another pair that builds a quality out of an adjective, both ",[61,511,126],{},[272,513,514,524,534,544],{},[275,515,516,519,520,523],{},[61,517,518],{},"rápido"," (fast) -> ",[61,521,522],{},"la rapidez"," (speed)",[275,525,526,529,530,533],{},[61,527,528],{},"bello"," (beautiful) -> ",[61,531,532],{},"la belleza"," (beauty)",[275,535,536,539,540,543],{},[61,537,538],{},"triste"," (sad) -> ",[61,541,542],{},"la tristeza"," (sadness)",[275,545,546,549,550,553],{},[61,547,548],{},"pobre"," (poor) -> ",[61,551,552],{},"la pobreza"," (poverty)",[57,555,556,557,560,561,328,563,566,567,560,570,328,572,574],{},"The short ",[61,558,559],{},"-ez"," (",[61,562,522],{},[61,564,565],{},"la vejez",", old age) and the longer ",[61,568,569],{},"-eza",[61,571,532],{},[61,573,542],{},") are the same suffix in two shapes, both feminine.",[86,576,578],{"id":577},"ura-quality-or-result-feminine","-ura: quality or result (feminine)",[57,580,581,583,584,366],{},[61,582,185],{}," attaches to adjectives and to some verbs, and its nouns are ",[61,585,126],{},[272,587,588,598,608,618],{},[275,589,590,593,594,597],{},[61,591,592],{},"alto"," (tall) -> ",[61,595,596],{},"la altura"," (height)",[275,599,600,603,604,607],{},[61,601,602],{},"escribir"," (to write) -> ",[61,605,606],{},"la escritura"," (writing, script)",[275,609,610,613,614,617],{},[61,611,612],{},"dulce"," (sweet) -> ",[61,615,616],{},"la dulzura"," (sweetness)",[275,619,620,623,624,627],{},[61,621,622],{},"ancho"," (wide) -> ",[61,625,626],{},"la anchura"," (width)",[57,629,630,631,633,634,636],{},"The meaning shifts between a quality (",[61,632,616],{},", sweetness) and a concrete result (",[61,635,606],{},", a piece of writing), but the word is feminine either way.",[86,638,640],{"id":639},"aje-action-or-collective-masculine","-aje: action or collective (masculine)",[57,642,643,644,646,647,649],{},"Borrowed long ago from French, ",[61,645,201],{}," is reliably ",[61,648,159],{},". It names an action, a process, or a collective quantity:",[272,651,652,662,672],{},[275,653,654,657,658,661],{},[61,655,656],{},"aterrizar"," (to land) -> ",[61,659,660],{},"el aterrizaje"," (the landing)",[275,663,664,667,668,671],{},[61,665,666],{},"kilómetros"," (kilometres) -> ",[61,669,670],{},"el kilometraje"," (the mileage)",[275,673,674,677,678],{},[61,675,676],{},"el personaje"," (the character in a story), from ",[61,679,680],{},"persona",[57,682,683,684,686,687,689],{},"Any time you see ",[61,685,201],{},", reach for ",[61,688,79],{},".",[86,691,693],{"id":692},"ería-shop-or-collective-feminine","-ería: shop or collective (feminine)",[57,695,696,324,698,700],{},[61,697,217],{},[61,699,126],{}," and points at a shop, a trade, or a collective idea:",[272,702,703,713,723],{},[275,704,705,708,709,712],{},[61,706,707],{},"pan"," (bread) -> ",[61,710,711],{},"la panadería"," (the bakery)",[275,714,715,718,719,722],{},[61,716,717],{},"libro"," (book) -> ",[61,720,721],{},"la librería"," (the bookshop)",[275,724,725,728,729,732],{},[61,726,727],{},"tonto"," (silly) -> ",[61,730,731],{},"la tontería"," (nonsense, a silly thing)",[57,734,735,736,739,740,743],{},"When you need the name of a shop, this is usually the ending: ",[61,737,738],{},"la carnicería"," (butcher's), ",[61,741,742],{},"la pastelería"," (cake shop), all feminine.",[86,745,747],{"id":746},"ismo-and-ista-doctrine-and-follower","-ismo and -ista: doctrine and follower",[57,749,750,751,753,754,366],{},"The last pair works together. ",[61,752,233],{}," names a doctrine, system or movement, and it is ",[61,755,159],{},[272,757,758,766],{},[275,759,760,373,762,765],{},[61,761,71],{},[61,763,764],{},"el realismo"," (realism)",[275,767,768,771,772,775],{},[61,769,770],{},"turista"," (tourist) -> ",[61,773,774],{},"el turismo"," (tourism)",[57,777,778,779,781,782,785],{},"Its partner ",[61,780,248],{}," names the person who follows the doctrine or does the job, and it is ",[61,783,784],{},"common gender",": the word does not change, only the article does.",[272,787,788,793,799],{},[275,789,790,792],{},[61,791,260],{}," (the tourist)",[275,794,795,798],{},[61,796,797],{},"el periodista \u002F la periodista"," (the journalist)",[275,800,801,804],{},[61,802,803],{},"el artista \u002F la artista"," (the artist)",[57,806,807,808,810,811,813,814,816],{},"So ",[61,809,233],{}," is the thing and ",[61,812,248],{}," is the person, and only ",[61,815,248],{}," lets the article do the gender work.",[86,818,820],{"id":819},"the-habit-worth-building","The habit worth building",[57,822,823,824,328,826,328,828,80,830,832,833,328,835,80,837,839],{},"When you meet a new abstract noun, look at its ending before you look it up. If it finishes in ",[61,825,416],{},[61,827,359],{},[61,829,569],{},[61,831,185],{},", it is feminine and names an action or a quality. If it finishes in ",[61,834,442],{},[61,836,201],{},[61,838,233],{},", it is masculine. That single glance gives you the gender and half the meaning for free, which is what makes these suffixes worth learning as a set rather than one dusty word at a time.",[86,841,843],{"id":842},"see-also","See also",[272,845,846,854,861],{},[275,847,848,853],{},[849,850,852],"a",{"href":851},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-gender","Spanish noun gender"," - the -o\u002F-a rule and the ending patterns these suffixes build on.",[275,855,856,860],{},[849,857,859],{"href":858},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadjective-agreement","Adjective agreement"," - how the gender these suffixes hand you cascades through the sentence.",[275,862,863,864,868],{},"The ",[849,865,867],{"href":866},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," collects the productive suffixes and their genders on one card.",{"title":870,"searchDepth":871,"depth":871,"links":872},"",2,[873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883],{"id":88,"depth":871,"text":89},{"id":263,"depth":871,"text":264},{"id":352,"depth":871,"text":353},{"id":435,"depth":871,"text":436},{"id":505,"depth":871,"text":506},{"id":577,"depth":871,"text":578},{"id":639,"depth":871,"text":640},{"id":692,"depth":871,"text":693},{"id":746,"depth":871,"text":747},{"id":819,"depth":871,"text":820},{"id":842,"depth":871,"text":843},"B2","The productive Spanish noun-forming suffixes that turn verbs and adjectives into nouns, and how each ending hands you the gender for free.",[887,914],{"type":888,"instructions":889,"items":890},"fill-blank","Form the noun from the word in brackets using the right suffix. Watch the spelling and the accents.",[891,894,897,900,903,906,908,911],{"prompt":892,"answer":893,"hint":298},"informar -> la ___ (the news, the information)","información",{"prompt":895,"answer":896,"hint":71},"real -> la ___ (the reality)","realidad",{"prompt":898,"answer":899,"hint":456},"mover -> el ___ (the movement)","movimiento",{"prompt":901,"answer":902,"hint":538},"triste -> la ___ (the sadness)","tristeza",{"prompt":904,"answer":905,"hint":592},"alto -> la ___ (the height)","altura",{"prompt":907,"answer":345,"hint":288},"decidir -> la ___ (the decision)",{"prompt":909,"answer":910,"hint":381},"posible -> la ___ (the possibility)","posibilidad",{"prompt":912,"answer":913,"hint":548},"pobre -> la ___ (the poverty)","pobreza",{"type":915,"instructions":916,"options":917,"items":918},"which-one","Choose el or la. Let the suffix decide the gender for you.",[79,83],[919,921,923,925,927,929],{"prompt":920,"answer":83},"___ construcción (the construction)",{"prompt":922,"answer":79},"___ movimiento (the movement)",{"prompt":924,"answer":83},"___ libertad (the freedom)",{"prompt":926,"answer":79},"___ turismo (the tourism)",{"prompt":928,"answer":83},"___ belleza (the beauty)",{"prompt":930,"answer":79},"___ personaje (the character)","md",[933,936,939,942],{"q":934,"a":935},"Which Spanish noun suffixes are feminine and which are masculine?","The feminine ones do most of the heavy lifting: -ción and -sión (la construcción, la decisión), -dad and -tad (la realidad, la libertad), -ez and -eza (la rapidez, la belleza), -ura (la altura), and -ería (la panadería). The masculine ones are fewer but very common: -miento and -mento (el movimiento, el pensamiento), -aje (el aterrizaje, el kilometraje), and -ismo (el turismo, el realismo). The agent suffix -ista is common gender, so the article changes with the person: el turista, la turista. Learn the suffix once and the gender comes attached to every word that carries it.",{"q":937,"a":938},"How does -ción differ from -miento in Spanish?","Both turn a verb into the noun for its action or result, but they take opposite genders and tend to attach to different verbs. -ción is feminine and is the single most productive of the two: informar gives la información, construir gives la construcción, and English -tion words map onto it again and again. -miento is masculine: mover gives el movimiento, sentir gives el sentimiento, conocer gives el conocimiento. There is no rule that lets you predict which verb takes which, so you learn the noun as a unit, but the ending still hands you the gender the moment you meet it.",{"q":940,"a":941},"Does knowing the suffix really tell you the gender every time?","For the productive suffixes on this page, effectively yes. -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -ez, -eza, -ura and -ería are reliably feminine; -miento, -mento, -aje and -ismo are reliably masculine. The tiny print is that -ista is common gender by design (the article carries the meaning, as in el artista and la artista), and a bare noun that merely happens to end in -a or -o still follows the ordinary gender rules rather than these formation rules. But for a word clearly built from a verb or adjective, the suffix is a safe bet for gender.",{"q":943,"a":944},"What is the difference between -ería and -ismo?","They name different things. -ería is feminine and points at a shop or a collective idea: pan gives la panadería (the bakery), libro gives la librería (the bookshop), and tonto gives la tontería (nonsense, silliness). -ismo is masculine and names a doctrine, system or movement: real gives el realismo, turista gives el turismo, and you meet it in every -ism English borrows. Its partner -ista names the person who follows the doctrine or does the job, and it is common gender: el turista, la turista, el periodista, la periodista.","higher","Spanish builds most of its abstract vocabulary out of a small kit of noun-forming suffixes, and each one does two jobs at once: it tells you what the word means, and it tells you the gender. Add -ción to a verb and you get the action of that verb, always feminine (construir gives la construcción, decidir gives la decisión). Add -dad to an adjective and you get the quality it names, again feminine (real gives la realidad, posible gives la posibilidad). Add -miento and you get an action or result, this time masculine (mover gives el movimiento, sentir gives el sentimiento). This is the practical payoff for a B2 learner: recognise the suffix and you have decoded both halves of the word without a dictionary. You can guess the meaning of a noun you have never seen, and you can pick el or la with confidence. This page lays out the productive suffixes one by one, gives the gender each carries, shows the verb or adjective each is built from, and drills the pattern until the ending does the work for you.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-suffixes",{"title":46,"description":885},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fnoun-suffixes","_8lzxvmhC8wWK4hQwijoBMM0hZ5XK-cqYMBknfEhDe0",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":956},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":958},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":960},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":962},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]