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Past Participles as Adjectives and Absolute Clauses (una puerta cerrada, terminada la reunión)",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":653},"minimark",[51,56,104,109,115,135,142,160,166,170,177,187,201,210,218,231,245,255,263,282,286,293,319,351,355,358,537,550,554,567,581,599,611,614,618],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"the-past-participle-that-agrees","The Past Participle That Agrees",[57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,68,72,75,76,79,80,83,84,87,88,91,92,95,96,99,100,103],"p",{},"You first meet the Spanish past participle chained to ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"haber",", where it never moves: ",[61,66,67],{},"he cerrado",", ",[61,70,71],{},"hemos escrito",[61,73,74],{},"han hecho",". That is the ",[61,77,78],{},"perfect tense",", and there the participle is ",[61,81,82],{},"frozen"," - it does not care about gender or number. But the same word has a whole second life as an ",[61,85,86],{},"adjective",", and there it ",[61,89,90],{},"agrees"," exactly like any other: ",[61,93,94],{},"una puerta cerrada"," (a closed door), ",[61,97,98],{},"los libros escritos"," (the written books), ",[61,101,102],{},"estoy cansada"," (I'm tired). Learn to tell the two apart and half the grammar looks after itself.",[105,106,108],"h2",{"id":107},"invariable-in-the-perfect-agreeing-everywhere-else","Invariable in the perfect, agreeing everywhere else",[57,110,111,112,114],{},"The rule is refreshingly clean. Right after ",[61,113,63],{},", freeze the participle:",[116,117,118,125],"ul",{},[119,120,121,124],"li",{},[61,122,123],{},"He cerrado la puerta."," (I've closed the door.)",[119,126,127,130,131,134],{},[61,128,129],{},"Hemos cerrado las puertas."," (We've closed the doors.) - ",[61,132,133],{},"cerrado"," still, whatever the object.",[57,136,137,138,141],{},"Anywhere the participle is ",[61,139,140],{},"describing a noun",", agree it in gender and number:",[116,143,144,149,154],{},[119,145,146,148],{},[61,147,94],{}," (a closed door) - feminine singular.",[119,150,151,153],{},[61,152,98],{}," (the written books) - masculine plural.",[119,155,156,159],{},[61,157,158],{},"la comida hecha"," (the food, made) - feminine singular.",[57,161,162,163,165],{},"The test is simple: ",[61,164,63],{}," in front? Freeze it. Describing a thing? Agree it.",[105,167,169],{"id":168},"after-estar-quedar-tener-and-llevar","After estar, quedar, tener and llevar",[57,171,172,173,176],{},"Four common verbs take an ",[61,174,175],{},"agreeing"," participle, each with its own flavour.",[57,178,179,182,183,186],{},[61,180,181],{},"Estar"," gives a ",[61,184,185],{},"resulting state",":",[116,188,189,195],{},[119,190,191,194],{},[61,192,193],{},"La tienda está cerrada."," (The shop is closed.)",[119,196,197,200],{},[61,198,199],{},"Las ventanas están abiertas."," (The windows are open.)",[57,202,203,206,207,186],{},[61,204,205],{},"Quedar"," stresses ",[61,208,209],{},"how it ended up",[116,211,212],{},[119,213,214,217],{},[61,215,216],{},"El problema quedó resuelto."," (The problem ended up resolved.)",[57,219,220,223,224,227,228,186],{},[61,221,222],{},"Tener"," counts ",[61,225,226],{},"finished results",", and the participle agrees with the ",[61,229,230],{},"object",[116,232,233,239],{},[119,234,235,238],{},[61,236,237],{},"Tengo hecha la cena."," (I've got dinner done.)",[119,240,241,244],{},[61,242,243],{},"Tengo escritas tres cartas."," (I've got three letters written.)",[57,246,247,250,251,254],{},[61,248,249],{},"Llevar"," tallies a ",[61,252,253],{},"running total"," so far:",[116,256,257],{},[119,258,259,262],{},[61,260,261],{},"Llevo escritas tres cartas."," (I've written three letters so far.)",[57,264,265,266,269,270,273,274,277,278,281],{},"Notice the contrast that catches everyone out: ",[61,267,268],{},"he escrito tres cartas"," (frozen, with haber) but ",[61,271,272],{},"tengo escritas tres cartas"," and ",[61,275,276],{},"llevo escritas tres cartas"," (agreeing, because the participle now describes ",[61,279,280],{},"cartas",").",[105,283,285],{"id":284},"absolute-clauses-a-whole-clause-in-two-words","Absolute clauses: a whole clause in two words",[57,287,288,289,292],{},"Here is where the agreeing participle earns its keep. Front a ",[61,290,291],{},"participle + noun"," at the head of a sentence and you compress an entire subordinate clause - no conjunction, no extra verb:",[116,294,295,301,307,313],{},[119,296,297,300],{},[61,298,299],{},"Terminada la reunión, se fueron."," (Once the meeting was over, they left.)",[119,302,303,306],{},[61,304,305],{},"Hecho el trabajo, descanso."," (The work done, I rest.)",[119,308,309,312],{},[61,310,311],{},"Una vez resuelto el problema, celebramos."," (Once the problem was solved, we celebrated.)",[119,314,315,318],{},[61,316,317],{},"Dicho esto, empezamos."," (That said, we begin.)",[57,320,321,322,325,326,329,330,68,333,329,336,339,340,343,344,273,347,350],{},"The participle ",[61,323,324],{},"agrees with its noun"," - ",[61,327,328],{},"terminada"," with ",[61,331,332],{},"la reunión",[61,334,335],{},"resuelto",[61,337,338],{},"el problema"," - and the whole phrase carries a strong ",[61,341,342],{},"\"after this had happened\""," sense. English needs \"once\", \"after\" or \"with\" plus a verb; Spanish just fronts the participle and trusts you to fill in the rest. ",[61,345,346],{},"Dicho esto",[61,348,349],{},"dicho lo cual"," are set phrases worth banking whole.",[105,352,354],{"id":353},"the-irregular-participles-you-will-reuse","The irregular participles you will reuse",[57,356,357],{},"A cluster of irregulars turn up constantly as adjectives and in absolute clauses. Memorise them as a block:",[359,360,361,380],"table",{},[362,363,364],"thead",{},[365,366,367,371,374,377],"tr",{},[368,369,370],"th",{},"Verb",[368,372,373],{},"Participle",[368,375,376],{},"Meaning",[368,378,379],{},"As adjective",[381,382,383,398,412,426,440,454,467,481,495,509,523],"tbody",{},[365,384,385,389,392,395],{},[386,387,388],"td",{},"abrir",[386,390,391],{},"abierto",[386,393,394],{},"open",[386,396,397],{},"una ventana abierta",[365,399,400,403,406,409],{},[386,401,402],{},"romper",[386,404,405],{},"roto",[386,407,408],{},"broken",[386,410,411],{},"los platos rotos",[365,413,414,417,420,423],{},[386,415,416],{},"morir",[386,418,419],{},"muerto",[386,421,422],{},"dead",[386,424,425],{},"las hojas muertas",[365,427,428,431,434,437],{},[386,429,430],{},"volver",[386,432,433],{},"vuelto",[386,435,436],{},"returned",[386,438,439],{},"el dinero vuelto",[365,441,442,445,448,451],{},[386,443,444],{},"poner",[386,446,447],{},"puesto",[386,449,450],{},"put \u002F set",[386,452,453],{},"la mesa puesta",[365,455,456,459,461,464],{},[386,457,458],{},"resolver",[386,460,335],{},[386,462,463],{},"resolved",[386,465,466],{},"el caso resuelto",[365,468,469,472,475,478],{},[386,470,471],{},"cubrir",[386,473,474],{},"cubierto",[386,476,477],{},"covered",[386,479,480],{},"la montaña cubierta",[365,482,483,486,489,492],{},[386,484,485],{},"escribir",[386,487,488],{},"escrito",[386,490,491],{},"written",[386,493,494],{},"las cartas escritas",[365,496,497,500,503,506],{},[386,498,499],{},"ver",[386,501,502],{},"visto",[386,504,505],{},"seen",[386,507,508],{},"una cara vista",[365,510,511,514,517,520],{},[386,512,513],{},"decir",[386,515,516],{},"dicho",[386,518,519],{},"said",[386,521,522],{},"lo dicho",[365,524,525,528,531,534],{},[386,526,527],{},"hacer",[386,529,530],{},"hecho",[386,532,533],{},"done \u002F made",[386,535,536],{},"la tarea hecha",[57,538,539,540,542,543,68,545,68,547,549],{},"Every one of these ",[61,541,90],{}," when it acts as an adjective: ",[61,544,397],{},[61,546,411],{},[61,548,453],{},". Only the perfect tense keeps them frozen.",[105,551,553],{"id":552},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[57,555,556,559,560,562,563,566],{},[61,557,558],{},"Agreeing the perfect-tense participle."," After ",[61,561,63],{}," it never changes: ",[61,564,565],{},"hemos escrito las cartas",", never \"hemos escritas\". The agreement belongs to the adjective, not the perfect.",[57,568,569,572,573,576,577,580],{},[61,570,571],{},"Freezing the adjective."," The mirror mistake: ",[61,574,575],{},"la puerta está cerrado"," should be ",[61,578,579],{},"cerrada",". If it describes a noun, it must match it.",[57,582,583,586,587,590,591,594,595,598],{},[61,584,585],{},"Forgetting agreement in absolute clauses."," ",[61,588,589],{},"Terminado la reunión"," is wrong - ",[61,592,593],{},"reunión"," is feminine, so it is ",[61,596,597],{},"terminada la reunión",". The participle always agrees with the noun it heads.",[57,600,601,586,604,607,608,610],{},[61,602,603],{},"Confusing tener\u002Fllevar with haber.",[61,605,606],{},"He escrito tres cartas"," (frozen) but ",[61,609,276],{}," (agreeing). The moment the participle stops leaning on haber, it starts agreeing again.",[57,612,613],{},"Freeze it after haber; agree it everywhere else. That one split unlocks the adjective, the resulting-state constructions, and the neat absolute clause that lets Spanish say in two words what English drags out in six.",[105,615,617],{"id":616},"see-also","See also",[116,619,620,628,638,645],{},[119,621,622,627],{},[623,624,626],"a",{"href":625},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpresent-perfect","The perfect tense with haber"," - where the participle stays frozen, the mirror image of this page.",[119,629,630,325,634,637],{},[623,631,633],{"href":632},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fser-vs-estar","Ser and estar",[61,635,636],{},"estar + participle"," for resulting states leans on the estar half of this pair.",[119,639,640,644],{},[623,641,643],{"href":642},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fadjective-agreement","Adjective agreement"," - the gender and number rules the adjectival participle borrows wholesale.",[119,646,647,648,652],{},"The ",[623,649,651],{"href":650},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," has the participle-as-adjective and absolute-clause patterns on one card.",{"title":654,"searchDepth":655,"depth":655,"links":656},"",2,[657,658,659,660,661,662],{"id":107,"depth":655,"text":108},{"id":168,"depth":655,"text":169},{"id":284,"depth":655,"text":285},{"id":353,"depth":655,"text":354},{"id":552,"depth":655,"text":553},{"id":616,"depth":655,"text":617},"B1-B2","The Spanish past participle doing two jobs it never does in the perfect tense: agreeing like an adjective (una puerta cerrada) and heading a compressed clause (terminada la reunión, se fueron).",[666,700],{"type":667,"instructions":668,"items":669},"fill-blank","Put the participle in brackets into its adjectival form, agreeing in gender and number with the noun it describes.",[670,673,677,681,685,689,693,697],{"prompt":671,"answer":579,"hint":672},"una puerta ___ (cerrar)","cerrar - feminine singular",{"prompt":674,"answer":675,"hint":676},"los libros ___ (escribir)","escritos","escribir is irregular - masculine plural",{"prompt":678,"answer":679,"hint":680},"Estoy muy ___. (cansar, said by a woman)","cansada","cansar - feminine singular",{"prompt":682,"answer":683,"hint":684},"La comida ya está ___. (hacer)","hecha","hacer is irregular - feminine singular",{"prompt":686,"answer":687,"hint":688},"___ la reunión, se fueron. (terminar)","Terminada","terminar - agrees with la reunión",{"prompt":690,"answer":691,"hint":692},"Tengo ___ tres cartas. (escribir)","escritas","agrees with the object tres cartas",{"prompt":694,"answer":695,"hint":696},"Las ventanas están ___. (abrir)","abiertas","abrir is irregular - feminine plural",{"prompt":698,"answer":335,"hint":699},"Una vez ___ el problema, celebramos. (resolver)","resolver is irregular - agrees with el problema",{"type":701,"instructions":702,"items":703},"which-one","Choose the correct form: the perfect tense after haber stays frozen, but the adjectival or absolute participle must agree.",[704,707,710,715,718,721],{"prompt":705,"answer":133,"options":706},"He ___ la puerta. (cerrar)",[133,579],{"prompt":708,"answer":579,"options":709},"La puerta está ___.",[133,579],{"prompt":711,"answer":712,"options":713},"___ el trabajo, descanso.","Hecho",[712,714],"Hacer",{"prompt":716,"answer":691,"options":717},"Llevo ___ tres cartas.",[488,691],{"prompt":719,"answer":488,"options":720},"Hemos ___ mucho hoy.",[488,691],{"prompt":722,"answer":723,"options":724},"Los platos están ___. (romper)","rotos",[405,723],"md",[727,730,733,736],{"q":728,"a":729},"When does the Spanish past participle agree, and when is it invariable?","It is invariable in one place only: the perfect tenses, glued to haber. He cerrado la puerta, hemos cerrado las puertas - cerrado never changes, whatever the object's gender or number. Everywhere else the participle behaves like an adjective and agrees in gender and number with the noun it describes: una puerta cerrada, unos libros escritos, la comida hecha, estoy cansada. The quick test: if haber sits right before it, freeze it; if it is describing a noun, sitting after estar, quedar, tener, llevar, or standing at the head of an absolute clause, agree it. Getting this split right is most of the battle.",{"q":731,"a":732},"What is an absolute participial clause in Spanish?","It is a participle plus a noun, fronted to the start of a sentence, that compresses a 'once X was done' or 'with X finished' clause without any conjunction or verb of its own. Terminada la reunión, se fueron: 'once the meeting was over, they left'. Hecho el trabajo, descanso: 'the work done, I rest'. The participle agrees with the noun (terminada with reunión, feminine singular). It usually means the action was completed just before the main clause, so it carries a strong 'after this had happened' sense. Common set openers include una vez resuelto el problema (once the problem was solved) and dicho esto (having said this \u002F that said).",{"q":734,"a":735},"How do estar, quedar, tener and llevar change the participle?","All four take an agreeing participle, but with different flavours. Estar + participle describes a resulting state: la tienda está cerrada (the shop is closed). Quedar is similar but stresses how something ended up: quedó resuelto (it ended up resolved). Tener + participle counts finished results, and the participle agrees with the object: tengo hecha la cena (I've got dinner done), tengo escritas tres cartas (I've got three letters written). Llevar + participle tallies a running total: llevo escritas tres cartas (I've written three letters so far). In every one of these the participle agrees; only haber leaves it frozen.",{"q":737,"a":738},"Which irregular participles show up most as adjectives?","The high-frequency irregulars are worth memorising as a block because they reappear constantly as adjectives and in absolute clauses: abierto (open, from abrir), roto (broken, romper), muerto (dead, morir), vuelto (returned, volver), puesto (put\u002Fset, poner), resuelto (resolved, resolver), cubierto (covered, cubrir), escrito (written, escribir), visto (seen, ver), dicho (said, decir), and hecho (done\u002Fmade, hacer). They agree like any adjective: una ventana abierta, los platos rotos, la mesa puesta. A few verbs even have two participles - one regular for the perfect, one irregular for the adjective, as with freír (he freído \u002F patatas fritas).","higher","You already meet the Spanish past participle inside the perfect tenses, welded to haber and refusing to change: he cerrado la puerta, hemos escrito las cartas. That participle is frozen. But the very same word has a second life where it does agree, in gender and number, exactly like an adjective: una puerta cerrada (a closed door), los libros escritos (the written books), estoy cansada (I'm tired). This is the participle as adjective, and it is one of the tidiest, most useful things in the language once you stop confusing it with the perfect. From there Spanish does something English can only manage clumsily: it drops a participle in front of a noun to compress a whole clause. Terminada la reunión, se fueron means 'once the meeting was over, they left', in three words. Hecho el trabajo, descanso: 'the work done, I rest'. This page separates the frozen perfect-tense participle from the agreeing adjectival one, drills the irregular participles you will reuse constantly, and shows how the absolute clause packs a subordinate idea into a single fronted phrase.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fparticiple-clauses",{"title":46,"description":664},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fparticiple-clauses","hlZihZKnDVka3wFnHhP8VuC8YbSjEHhYVd97pBRG8e8",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":750},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":752},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":754},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":756},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]