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r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":35,"title":36,"author":37,"body":38,"cefrLevel":528,"date":37,"description":529,"extension":530,"faqs":531,"gcseTier":541,"intro":542,"language":543,"lastUpdated":37,"meta":544,"navigation":545,"path":546,"seo":547,"stem":548,"verbSlugs":37,"__hash__":549},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpersonal-a.md","The Personal A in Spanish: Why 'Veo a María' but 'Veo la casa'",null,{"type":39,"value":40,"toc":518},"minimark",[41,46,62,65,86,91,101,127,133,153,157,163,171,177,195,204,218,231,235,244,262,272,281,297,315,319,433,437,451,463,477,498,502],[42,43,45],"h1",{"id":44},"the-personal-a","The Personal A",[47,48,49,50,54,55,57,58,61],"p",{},"Spanish puts the preposition ",[51,52,53],"strong",{},"a"," in front of certain direct objects. It looks like the ",[51,56,53],{}," that means \"to\", but it is not - it carries no translation. Its only job is to mark that the direct object is a ",[51,59,60],{},"specific person"," (or an animal or thing the speaker treats like one). English has nothing equivalent, which is exactly why learners forget it.",[47,63,64],{},"The contrast in one line:",[66,67,68,78],"ul",{},[69,70,71,74,75,77],"li",{},[51,72,73],{},"Veo a María."," (I see María.) - a specific person, so ",[51,76,53],{},".",[69,79,80,83,84,77],{},[51,81,82],{},"Veo la casa."," (I see the house.) - a thing, so no ",[51,85,53],{},[87,88,90],"h2",{"id":89},"the-core-rule","The core rule",[47,92,93,94,96,97,100],{},"Use the personal ",[51,95,53],{}," when the ",[51,98,99],{},"direct object is a specific human being",". That is the whole rule. Everything else is a refinement of \"specific\" and \"human\".",[66,102,103,109,115,121],{},[69,104,105,108],{},[51,106,107],{},"Busco a mi hermano."," (I'm looking for my brother.)",[69,110,111,114],{},[51,112,113],{},"Conozco a tu jefe."," (I know your boss.)",[69,116,117,120],{},[51,118,119],{},"Llamo a Laura."," (I'm calling Laura.)",[69,122,123,126],{},[51,124,125],{},"¿Has visto a los niños?"," (Have you seen the children?)",[47,128,129,130,132],{},"Compare those with their thing-objects, which take no ",[51,131,53],{},":",[66,134,135,141,147],{},[69,136,137,140],{},[51,138,139],{},"Busco un piso."," (I'm looking for a flat.)",[69,142,143,146],{},[51,144,145],{},"Conozco esa calle."," (I know that street.)",[69,148,149,152],{},[51,150,151],{},"Llamo un taxi."," (I'm calling a taxi.)",[87,154,156],{"id":155},"when-it-applies","When it applies",[47,158,159,162],{},[51,160,161],{},"Named or specific people."," Any human direct object you could point at: a friend, a relative, a named person, a defined group.",[66,164,165],{},[69,166,167,170],{},[51,168,169],{},"Vi a Carlos en el centro."," (I saw Carlos in the centre.)",[47,172,173,176],{},[51,174,175],{},"Pets and personified animals."," A loved animal gets the same treatment as a person. A generic, unspecified animal does not.",[66,178,179,187],{},[69,180,181,184,185,77],{},[51,182,183],{},"Quiero mucho a mi perro."," (I love my dog very much.) - the family pet, so ",[51,186,53],{},[69,188,189,192,193,77],{},[51,190,191],{},"Quiero comprar un perro."," (I want to buy a dog.) - any dog, no ",[51,194,53],{},[47,196,197,200,201,203],{},[51,198,199],{},"Indefinite persons: alguien, nadie, alguno, ninguno, quien."," These pronouns refer to people, so they trigger the ",[51,202,53],{}," even though no specific person is named.",[66,205,206,212],{},[69,207,208,211],{},[51,209,210],{},"No veo a nadie."," (I can't see anyone.)",[69,213,214,217],{},[51,215,216],{},"Busco a alguien que hable francés."," (I'm looking for someone who speaks French.)",[47,219,220,223,224,226,227,230],{},[51,221,222],{},"Personified things."," Countries, organisations and abstractions that are treated as people in elevated or emotional speech can take the ",[51,225,53],{},": ",[51,228,229],{},"temían a la muerte"," (they feared death).",[87,232,234],{"id":233},"when-it-does-not-apply","When it does not apply",[47,236,237,240,241,243],{},[51,238,239],{},"After tener (plain possession)."," This is the big exception. Tener normally drops the personal ",[51,242,53],{}," even with people.",[66,245,246,254],{},[69,247,248,251,252,77],{},[51,249,250],{},"Tengo dos hermanos."," (I have two brothers.) - no ",[51,253,53],{},[69,255,256,259,260,77],{},[51,257,258],{},"Tiene una hija."," (She has a daughter.) - no ",[51,261,53],{},[47,263,264,265,267,268,271],{},"The ",[51,266,53],{}," comes back when tener means \"to hold\u002Fkeep someone\" rather than \"to possess\": ",[51,269,270],{},"tengo a mi madre en casa"," (I have my mother staying at home).",[47,273,274,277,278,280],{},[51,275,276],{},"Non-specific or hypothetical people."," When the person is an unknown, not-yet-identified \"any such person\", the ",[51,279,53],{}," is dropped (often with a subjunctive verb).",[66,282,283,291],{},[69,284,285,288,289,77],{},[51,286,287],{},"Necesito un médico."," (I need a doctor.) - any doctor, no ",[51,290,53],{},[69,292,293,296],{},[51,294,295],{},"Busco una persona que sepa cocinar."," (I'm looking for a person who can cook.) - no specific person in mind.",[47,298,299,302,303,226,305,308,309,308,312,77],{},[51,300,301],{},"Things, places and ideas."," Non-human direct objects never take the personal ",[51,304,53],{},[51,306,307],{},"veo la casa",", ",[51,310,311],{},"compro el coche",[51,313,314],{},"estudio la historia",[87,316,318],{"id":317},"a-quick-reference","A quick reference",[320,321,322,338],"table",{},[323,324,325],"thead",{},[326,327,328,332,335],"tr",{},[329,330,331],"th",{},"Situation",[329,333,334],{},"Personal a?",[329,336,337],{},"Example",[339,340,341,356,369,382,395,405,414,424],"tbody",{},[326,342,343,347,350],{},[344,345,346],"td",{},"Specific named person",[344,348,349],{},"Yes",[344,351,352,353,355],{},"Veo ",[51,354,53],{}," María.",[326,357,358,361,363],{},[344,359,360],{},"Specific group of people",[344,362,349],{},[344,364,365,366,368],{},"Llamo ",[51,367,53],{}," los niños.",[326,370,371,374,376],{},[344,372,373],{},"A loved pet",[344,375,349],{},[344,377,378,379,381],{},"Quiero ",[51,380,53],{}," mi gato.",[326,383,384,387,389],{},[344,385,386],{},"alguien \u002F nadie \u002F alguno",[344,388,349],{},[344,390,391,392,394],{},"No conozco ",[51,393,53],{}," nadie.",[326,396,397,400,403],{},[344,398,399],{},"Thing, place or idea",[344,401,402],{},"No",[344,404,82],{},[326,406,407,410,412],{},[344,408,409],{},"Plain possession with tener",[344,411,402],{},[344,413,250],{},[326,415,416,419,421],{},[344,417,418],{},"Non-specific \u002F hypothetical person",[344,420,402],{},[344,422,423],{},"Busco un médico.",[326,425,426,429,431],{},[344,427,428],{},"Generic, unspecified animal",[344,430,402],{},[344,432,191],{},[87,434,436],{"id":435},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[47,438,439,442,443,446,447,450],{},[51,440,441],{},"Dropping it before named people."," The instinct from English is to say ",[51,444,445],{},"veo María",". It must be ",[51,448,449],{},"veo a María",". This is the single most common slip, because English gives you no reason to expect the marker.",[47,452,453,456,457,460,461,77],{},[51,454,455],{},"Adding it after tener."," Over-correction the other way: learners who have learned the rule then say ",[51,458,459],{},"tengo a dos hermanos",". Plain possession takes no ",[51,462,53],{},[47,464,465,468,469,472,473,476],{},[51,466,467],{},"Forgetting it with nadie and alguien."," ",[51,470,471],{},"No veo nadie"," is wrong; it is ",[51,474,475],{},"no veo a nadie",". The referent is human, so the marker is required even though no individual is named.",[47,478,479,482,483,485,486,488,489,491,492,494,495,497],{},[51,480,481],{},"Confusing it with the directional a."," The personal ",[51,484,53],{}," (\"veo ",[51,487,53],{}," Laura\") and the ",[51,490,53],{}," of motion (\"voy ",[51,493,53],{}," Madrid\") look identical but do different jobs. Do not assume an ",[51,496,53],{}," before a noun always means \"to\".",[87,499,501],{"id":500},"see-also","See also",[66,503,504,511],{},[69,505,264,506,510],{},[53,507,509],{"href":508},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fser-vs-estar","ser vs estar"," page covers the other classic beginner fork in Spanish.",[69,512,264,513,517],{},[53,514,516],{"href":515},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," collects the direct-object rules in one place.",{"title":519,"searchDepth":520,"depth":520,"links":521},"",2,[522,523,524,525,526,527],{"id":89,"depth":520,"text":90},{"id":155,"depth":520,"text":156},{"id":233,"depth":520,"text":234},{"id":317,"depth":520,"text":318},{"id":435,"depth":520,"text":436},{"id":500,"depth":520,"text":501},"A2-B1","Spanish marks specific, human direct objects with the preposition a. The rule, the cases that trigger it (people, pets, alguien, nadie), the cases that block it (tener, non-specific objects), and the mistakes English speakers make.","md",[532,535,538],{"q":533,"a":534},"What is the personal a in Spanish?","It is the preposition a placed before a direct object when that object is a specific person or animal: busco a mi hermano (I'm looking for my brother). It has no English translation - it is a grammatical marker, not the a that means 'to'. Compare busco a mi hermano (a specific person) with busco un piso (a thing, no a). The marker tells the listener the object is human and definite.",{"q":536,"a":537},"Do you use the personal a after tener?","Usually no. Tener normally drops the personal a even with people: tengo dos hermanos (I have two brothers), not tengo a dos hermanos. The exception is when tener means to hold or to keep someone somewhere, or when the relationship is emphasised: tengo a mi madre en el hospital (I have my mother in hospital). As a rule of thumb, plain possession after tener takes no a.",{"q":539,"a":540},"Does the personal a appear before alguien and nadie?","Yes. The indefinite pronouns alguien, nadie, alguno and ninguno refer to people, so they take the personal a as direct objects: no veo a nadie (I can't see anyone), busco a alguien (I'm looking for someone). This holds even though the person is not named or specific - what matters is that the referent is human.","higher","Spanish puts a little word in front of certain direct objects that English has no equivalent for: the personal a. It is not the a that means 'to'; it carries no translation at all. Its job is to flag that the direct object is a specific person (or something the speaker treats like one). Veo a María but veo la casa. Once you know what triggers it and what blocks it, it becomes automatic. This page covers the core rule, the triggers, the exceptions, and the errors learners reliably make.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpersonal-a",{"title":36,"description":529},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpersonal-a","oU8PNfr6lIpv_34gV3dyxthBNvQOktHC7uq-oWiPvz4",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":552},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":554},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":556},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":558},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":560},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":562},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":564},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":566,"hidden":545},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1]