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des-, re-, in-, pre- (deshacer, imposible, rehacer)",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":909},"minimark",[51,56,88,91,96,114,166,183,187,203,232,246,268,277,281,301,390,401,405,414,444,448,671,675,678,834,838,866,880,884],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"building-words-with-prefixes","Building Words with Prefixes",[57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,72,73,76,77,80,81,76,84,87],"p",{},"Here is a shortcut that pays off for years. A ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"prefix"," is a small piece that clips onto the front of a word and nudges its meaning in a ",[61,66,67],{},"predictable"," direction. Learn the piece once and you can decode a whole family of words you have never formally studied. Take ",[61,70,71],{},"hacer"," (to do): add ",[61,74,75],{},"des-"," and you get ",[61,78,79],{},"deshacer"," (to undo); add ",[61,82,83],{},"re-",[61,85,86],{},"rehacer"," (to redo). Stop learning words one at a time. Start learning the parts.",[57,89,90],{},"Four prefixes do most of the heavy lifting. Get these four solid and you will unlock hundreds of words.",[92,93,95],"h2",{"id":94},"des-undo-reverse-opposite","des-: undo, reverse, opposite",[57,97,98,101,102,105,106,109,110,113],{},[61,99,100],{},"Des-"," is the great reverser. It works like English ",[61,103,104],{},"un-",", ",[61,107,108],{},"dis-"," or ",[61,111,112],{},"de-",", flipping a word to its opposite or undoing an action.",[115,116,117,126,136,146,156],"ul",{},[118,119,120,122,123,125],"li",{},[61,121,71],{}," (to do) -> ",[61,124,79],{}," (to undo)",[118,127,128,131,132,135],{},[61,129,130],{},"aparecer"," (to appear) -> ",[61,133,134],{},"desaparecer"," (to disappear)",[118,137,138,141,142,145],{},[61,139,140],{},"orden"," (order) -> ",[61,143,144],{},"desorden"," (disorder)",[118,147,148,151,152,155],{},[61,149,150],{},"conocido"," (known) -> ",[61,153,154],{},"desconocido"," (unknown)",[118,157,158,161,162,165],{},[61,159,160],{},"ventaja"," (advantage) -> ",[61,163,164],{},"desventaja"," (disadvantage)",[57,167,168,169,105,172,175,176,179,180,182],{},"Notice how it works on ",[61,170,171],{},"verbs",[61,173,174],{},"nouns"," and ",[61,177,178],{},"adjectives"," alike. When you meet a new word starting with ",[61,181,75],{},", strip it off and the root underneath is usually a word you already know.",[92,184,186],{"id":185},"re-again-and-the-colloquial-intensifier","re-: again, and the colloquial intensifier",[57,188,189,190,192,193,109,196,199,200,202],{},"In its standard sense, ",[61,191,83],{}," means ",[61,194,195],{},"again",[61,197,198],{},"back",", exactly like English ",[61,201,83],{},".",[115,204,205,212,222],{},[118,206,207,122,209,211],{},[61,208,71],{},[61,210,86],{}," (to redo)",[118,213,214,217,218,221],{},[61,215,216],{},"leer"," (to read) -> ",[61,219,220],{},"releer"," (to reread)",[118,223,224,227,228,231],{},[61,225,226],{},"ver"," (to see) -> ",[61,229,230],{},"rever"," (to review, to look at again)",[57,233,234,235,237,238,241,242,245],{},"There is a second, chattier life to this prefix. In casual speech, especially across Latin America, ",[61,236,83],{}," and its beefed-up form ",[61,239,240],{},"requete-"," glue onto adjectives as pure ",[61,243,244],{},"intensifiers",", adding no repetition at all.",[115,247,248,258],{},[118,249,250,253,254,257],{},[61,251,252],{},"bueno"," (good) -> ",[61,255,256],{},"rebueno"," (really good)",[118,259,260,263,264,267],{},[61,261,262],{},"guapo"," (good-looking) -> ",[61,265,266],{},"requeteguapo"," (absolutely gorgeous)",[57,269,270,271,273,274,202],{},"Context sorts them out: on a verb, ",[61,272,83],{}," usually means again; on a casual adjective, it usually means ",[61,275,276],{},"very",[92,278,280],{"id":279},"in-im-i-negation-with-an-assimilation-rule","in-, im-, i-: negation with an assimilation rule",[57,282,283,286,287,290,291,109,293,296,297,300],{},[61,284,285],{},"In-"," is the main ",[61,288,289],{},"negating"," prefix, the equivalent of English ",[61,292,104],{},[61,294,295],{},"in-",". Its special trick is that it ",[61,298,299],{},"changes shape"," to match the sound that follows, so the word rolls off the tongue.",[115,302,303,331,357],{},[118,304,305,306,308,309,312,313,316,317,312,320,323,324,312,327,330],{},"Before most letters it stays ",[61,307,295],{},": ",[61,310,311],{},"útil"," -> ",[61,314,315],{},"inútil"," (useless), ",[61,318,319],{},"capaz",[61,321,322],{},"incapaz"," (incapable), ",[61,325,326],{},"justo",[61,328,329],{},"injusto"," (unfair).",[118,332,333,334,109,336,339,340,308,343,312,346,349,350,312,353,356],{},"Before ",[61,335,57],{},[61,337,338],{},"b"," it becomes ",[61,341,342],{},"im-",[61,344,345],{},"posible",[61,347,348],{},"imposible"," (impossible), ",[61,351,352],{},"borrable",[61,354,355],{},"imborrable"," (indelible).",[118,358,333,359,109,362,365,366,308,369,312,372,375,376,312,379,382,383,312,386,389],{},[61,360,361],{},"l",[61,363,364],{},"r"," it assimilates fully to ",[61,367,368],{},"i-",[61,370,371],{},"legal",[61,373,374],{},"ilegal"," (illegal), ",[61,377,378],{},"real",[61,380,381],{},"irreal"," (unreal), ",[61,384,385],{},"responsable",[61,387,388],{},"irresponsable"," (irresponsible).",[57,391,392,393,396,397,400],{},"The meaning never shifts, only the spelling. English does the very same thing with ",[61,394,395],{},"im","possible and ",[61,398,399],{},"il","legal, so your ear already knows the tune.",[92,402,404],{"id":403},"pre-before","pre-: before",[57,406,407,192,410,413],{},[61,408,409],{},"Pre-",[61,411,412],{},"before",", in time or in position, just as in English.",[115,415,416,424,434],{},[118,417,418,227,420,423],{},[61,419,226],{},[61,421,422],{},"prever"," (to foresee)",[118,425,426,429,430,433],{},[61,427,428],{},"historia"," (history) -> ",[61,431,432],{},"prehistoria"," (prehistory)",[118,435,436,439,440,443],{},[61,437,438],{},"pagar"," (to pay) -> ",[61,441,442],{},"prepagar"," (to prepay)",[92,445,447],{"id":446},"the-prefix-at-a-glance","The prefix at a glance",[449,450,451,467],"table",{},[452,453,454],"thead",{},[455,456,457,461,464],"tr",{},[458,459,460],"th",{},"Prefix",[458,462,463],{},"Meaning",[458,465,466],{},"Example",[468,469,470,482,493,506,517,531,545,559,573,587,601,615,629,643,657],"tbody",{},[455,471,472,475,478],{},[473,474,75],"td",{},[473,476,477],{},"undo, opposite",[473,479,480,125],{},[61,481,79],{},[455,483,484,486,489],{},[473,485,83],{},[473,487,488],{},"again, intensify",[473,490,491,221],{},[61,492,220],{},[455,494,495,498,501],{},[473,496,497],{},"in- \u002F im- \u002F i-",[473,499,500],{},"not, negation",[473,502,503,505],{},[61,504,348],{}," (impossible)",[455,507,508,511,513],{},[473,509,510],{},"pre-",[473,512,412],{},[473,514,515,423],{},[61,516,422],{},[455,518,519,522,525],{},[473,520,521],{},"anti-",[473,523,524],{},"against",[473,526,527,530],{},[61,528,529],{},"antivirus"," (antivirus)",[455,532,533,536,539],{},[473,534,535],{},"sub-",[473,537,538],{},"under",[473,540,541,544],{},[61,542,543],{},"subsuelo"," (subsoil)",[455,546,547,550,553],{},[473,548,549],{},"super- \u002F sobre-",[473,551,552],{},"above, over",[473,554,555,558],{},[61,556,557],{},"superpoblado"," (overpopulated)",[455,560,561,564,567],{},[473,562,563],{},"inter- \u002F entre-",[473,565,566],{},"between",[473,568,569,572],{},[61,570,571],{},"internacional"," (international)",[455,574,575,578,581],{},[473,576,577],{},"contra-",[473,579,580],{},"against, counter",[473,582,583,586],{},[61,584,585],{},"contradecir"," (to contradict)",[455,588,589,592,595],{},[473,590,591],{},"extra-",[473,593,594],{},"outside, beyond",[473,596,597,600],{},[61,598,599],{},"extraordinario"," (extraordinary)",[455,602,603,606,609],{},[473,604,605],{},"auto-",[473,607,608],{},"self",[473,610,611,614],{},[61,612,613],{},"autoservicio"," (self-service)",[455,616,617,620,623],{},[473,618,619],{},"co-",[473,621,622],{},"joint, together",[473,624,625,628],{},[61,626,627],{},"coautor"," (co-author)",[455,630,631,634,637],{},[473,632,633],{},"ex-",[473,635,636],{},"former",[473,638,639,642],{},[61,640,641],{},"expresidente"," (former president)",[455,644,645,648,651],{},[473,646,647],{},"semi-",[473,649,650],{},"half",[473,652,653,656],{},[61,654,655],{},"semifinal"," (semifinal)",[455,658,659,662,665],{},[473,660,661],{},"mal- \u002F bien-",[473,663,664],{},"badly, well",[473,666,667,670],{},[61,668,669],{},"malinterpretar"," (to misread)",[92,672,674],{"id":673},"the-long-tail-worth-recognising","The long tail worth recognising",[57,676,677],{},"Beyond the big four, a crowd of prefixes turn up constantly. You do not need to drill them, only to recognise the piece and guess the rest.",[115,679,680,691,702,724,746,757,768,779,790,801,812],{},[118,681,682,684,685,312,688,690],{},[61,683,521],{}," (against): ",[61,686,687],{},"virus",[61,689,529],{}," (antivirus).",[118,692,693,695,696,312,699,701],{},[61,694,535],{}," (under): ",[61,697,698],{},"suelo",[61,700,543],{}," (subsoil).",[118,703,704,175,707,710,711,312,714,716,717,312,720,723],{},[61,705,706],{},"super-",[61,708,709],{},"sobre-"," (above, over): ",[61,712,713],{},"poblado",[61,715,557],{}," (overpopulated); ",[61,718,719],{},"vivir",[61,721,722],{},"sobrevivir"," (to survive).",[118,725,726,175,729,732,733,312,736,738,739,312,742,745],{},[61,727,728],{},"inter-",[61,730,731],{},"entre-"," (between): ",[61,734,735],{},"nacional",[61,737,571],{}," (international); ",[61,740,741],{},"abrir",[61,743,744],{},"entreabrir"," (to half-open).",[118,747,748,750,751,312,754,756],{},[61,749,577],{}," (against, counter): ",[61,752,753],{},"decir",[61,755,585],{}," (to contradict).",[118,758,759,761,762,312,765,767],{},[61,760,591],{}," (outside, beyond): ",[61,763,764],{},"ordinario",[61,766,599],{}," (extraordinary).",[118,769,770,772,773,312,776,778],{},[61,771,605],{}," (self): ",[61,774,775],{},"servicio",[61,777,613],{}," (self-service).",[118,780,781,783,784,312,787,789],{},[61,782,619],{}," (joint): ",[61,785,786],{},"autor",[61,788,627],{}," (co-author).",[118,791,792,794,795,312,798,800],{},[61,793,633],{}," (former): ",[61,796,797],{},"presidente",[61,799,641],{}," (former president).",[118,802,803,805,806,312,809,811],{},[61,804,647],{}," (half): ",[61,807,808],{},"final",[61,810,655],{}," (semifinal).",[118,813,814,175,817,820,821,312,824,826,827,312,830,833],{},[61,815,816],{},"mal-",[61,818,819],{},"bien-"," (badly, well): ",[61,822,823],{},"interpretar",[61,825,669],{}," (to misread); ",[61,828,829],{},"venido",[61,831,832],{},"bienvenido"," (welcome).",[92,835,837],{"id":836},"why-this-is-a-productivity-hack","Why this is a productivity hack",[57,839,840,841,844,845,847,848,105,850,105,852,105,854,175,856,858,859,862,863,865],{},"Think of a prefix as a ",[61,842,843],{},"multiplier",". Memorise that ",[61,846,75],{}," undoes and you can decode ",[61,849,79],{},[61,851,144],{},[61,853,134],{},[61,855,154],{},[61,857,164],{}," without meeting a single one of them beforehand. The ",[61,860,861],{},"root"," carries the core idea; the ",[61,864,63],{}," bends it in a direction you already know; the two together are almost always transparent.",[57,867,868,869,872,873,876,877,202],{},"This is not a trick you impose on the language, it is how Spanish itself builds new words. Spot the pieces and you can both ",[61,870,871],{},"understand"," words you have never seen and ",[61,874,875],{},"coin"," sensible ones yourself. It is the highest-leverage habit for breaking past the intermediate plateau: stop collecting words and start collecting ",[61,878,879],{},"parts",[92,881,883],{"id":882},"see-also","See also",[115,885,886,894,901],{},[118,887,888,893],{},[889,890,892],"a",{"href":891},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsuffixes","Spanish suffixes and word endings"," - the other end of the word, where -ito, -mente and -ción do their work.",[118,895,896,900],{},[889,897,899],{"href":898},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcognates","Cognates and false friends"," - how English and Spanish share roots, and where the resemblance lies.",[118,902,903,904,908],{},"The ",[889,905,907],{"href":906},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," collects the four core prefixes and the in-\u002Fim-\u002Fi- rule on one card.",{"title":910,"searchDepth":911,"depth":911,"links":912},"",2,[913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920],{"id":94,"depth":911,"text":95},{"id":185,"depth":911,"text":186},{"id":279,"depth":911,"text":280},{"id":403,"depth":911,"text":404},{"id":446,"depth":911,"text":447},{"id":673,"depth":911,"text":674},{"id":836,"depth":911,"text":837},{"id":882,"depth":911,"text":883},"B2","How Spanish prefixes multiply your vocabulary: des- undoes, re- repeats, in-\u002Fim-\u002Fi- negates with an assimilation rule, pre- means before, plus a survey of the rest.",[924,952],{"type":925,"instructions":926,"items":927},"fill-blank","Add the right prefix to the root in brackets to make the word in English. Write the whole Spanish word.",[928,931,934,937,940,943,946,949],{"prompt":929,"answer":79,"hint":930},"___hacer = to undo (hacer)","reverse the action",{"prompt":932,"answer":220,"hint":933},"___leer = to reread (leer)","read again",{"prompt":935,"answer":315,"hint":936},"___útil = useless (útil)","negation before a vowel",{"prompt":938,"answer":432,"hint":939},"___historia = prehistory (historia)","before in time",{"prompt":941,"answer":144,"hint":942},"___orden = disorder (orden)","the opposite state",{"prompt":944,"answer":422,"hint":945},"___ver = to foresee (ver)","see beforehand",{"prompt":947,"answer":154,"hint":948},"___conocido = unknown (conocido)","not known",{"prompt":950,"answer":529,"hint":951},"___virus = antivirus (virus)","against something",{"type":953,"instructions":954,"items":955},"which-one","Choose the correct spelling of the negating prefix for each word, following the assimilation rule.",[956,961,964,967,970,973],{"prompt":957,"answer":395,"options":958},"___posible (impossible)",[959,395,960],"in","i",{"prompt":962,"answer":960,"options":963},"___legal (illegal)",[959,395,960],{"prompt":965,"answer":959,"options":966},"___capaz (incapable)",[959,395,960],{"prompt":968,"answer":960,"options":969},"___responsable (irresponsible)",[959,395,960],{"prompt":971,"answer":959,"options":972},"___justo (unfair)",[959,395,960],{"prompt":974,"answer":395,"options":975},"___borrable (indelible)",[959,395,960],"md",[978,981,984,987],{"q":979,"a":980},"What does the prefix des- do in Spanish?","Des- reverses, undoes, or flips a word to its opposite, much like English un-, dis- or de-. Clip it onto a verb and you undo the action: hacer (to do) -> deshacer (to undo), aparecer (to appear) -> desaparecer (to disappear). Clip it onto a noun and you get the absence or opposite: orden (order) -> desorden (disorder), ventaja (advantage) -> desventaja (disadvantage). On an adjective it negates: conocido (known) -> desconocido (unknown). It is one of the most productive prefixes in Spanish, so when you meet a new word starting with des-, try stripping it off and you will often recognise the root underneath.",{"q":982,"a":983},"What is the in-, im-, i- assimilation rule?","The negating prefix in- changes its spelling to match the sound that follows it, so the word is easier to say. Before most letters it stays as in-: útil -> inútil (useless), capaz -> incapaz (incapable), justo -> injusto (unfair). Before p or b it becomes im-: posible -> imposible (impossible), borrable -> imborrable (indelible). Before l or r it assimilates completely and becomes i-: legal -> ilegal (illegal), real -> irreal (unreal), responsable -> irresponsable (irresponsible). The meaning never changes, only the spelling. English does exactly the same thing with impossible and illegal, so the instinct is already there.",{"q":985,"a":986},"How is re- different from the intensifier re-?","Standard re- means again or back: hacer (to do) -> rehacer (to redo), leer (to read) -> releer (to reread), ver (to see) -> rever (to review). This is the sense you will meet in writing and formal speech everywhere. Separately, spoken Spanish, especially in Latin America, uses re- and its stronger cousin requete- as pure intensifiers glued to adjectives: rebueno (really good), requeteguapo (absolutely gorgeous). Here re- adds no repetition at all, it just cranks the adjective up, roughly like English very or super. Context tells the two apart: on a verb it usually means again, on a casual adjective it usually means very.",{"q":988,"a":989},"Why bother learning prefixes rather than individual words?","Because a prefix is a multiplier. Memorise that des- undoes and you can decode deshacer, desorden, desaparecer, desconocido and desventaja without meeting any of them first. The root carries the core idea, the prefix bends it in a known direction, and the two together are usually transparent. This is how Spanish builds new vocabulary too, so recognising the pieces lets you both understand words you have never seen and coin sensible ones yourself. It is the single highest-leverage habit for pushing past intermediate: stop learning words and start learning parts.","higher","Here is one of the best returns on effort in the whole language: learn a Spanish prefix once, and you unlock a whole family of words for free. Prefixes are little pieces that clip onto the front of a word and shift its meaning in a predictable direction. Take hacer (to do): add des- and you get deshacer (to undo), add re- and you get rehacer (to redo). Learn the pattern rather than the individual words and your vocabulary stops growing one word at a time and starts growing in bunches. Four prefixes carry most of the weight. Des- reverses or undoes (orden -> desorden, disorder). Re- repeats or intensifies (leer -> releer, to reread). In- negates, and it politely reshapes itself to fit the word that follows: útil -> inútil, but posible -> imposible and legal -> ilegal. Pre- means before (historia -> prehistoria). Beyond those four sits a long tail of prefixes worth recognising: anti-, sub-, super-, inter-, contra-, extra-, auto- and more. This page treats prefixes as a productivity hack, gives you the meaning behind each one, and shows the assimilation rule that trips up learners of in-.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprefixes",{"title":46,"description":922},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprefixes","lP7TLjH_RIhGnRrXEZbsalCM-nJpl8aY2o60wPjTCJw",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1001},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1003},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1005},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1007},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]