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11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":45,"title":46,"author":47,"body":48,"cefrLevel":900,"date":47,"description":901,"exercises":902,"extension":951,"faqs":952,"gcseTier":965,"intro":966,"language":967,"lastUpdated":47,"meta":968,"navigation":969,"path":970,"seo":971,"stem":972,"verbSlugs":47,"__hash__":973},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprepositions-advanced.md","Spanish Compound Prepositions and Tricky Choices: delante de, a pesar de, soñar con",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":890},"minimark",[51,56,76,81,101,117,130,151,154,346,367,371,374,535,554,558,571,631,644,648,651,745,767,771,794,812,834,859,863],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"compound-prepositions-and-tricky-choices","Compound Prepositions and Tricky Choices",[57,58,59,60,64,65,70,71,75],"p",{},"Beginner Spanish leans on six prepositions: ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"de, a, en, con, por, para",". Intermediate Spanish stacks them into bigger units and starts insisting on choices that English never makes. This page assumes you already know the basics (see ",[66,67,69],"a",{"href":68},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprepositions","Spanish Prepositions",") and the ",[66,72,74],{"href":73},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpor-vs-para","por vs para"," split. Here we build beyond them.",[77,78,80],"h2",{"id":79},"compound-prepositions-of-place-the-de-family","Compound prepositions of place: the de family",[57,82,83,84,87,88,91,92,96,97,100],{},"Most Spanish prepositions of place are really adverbs bolted onto a noun with ",[61,85,86],{},"de",". ",[61,89,90],{},"Delante"," means \"in front\" in the abstract; to say in front of ",[93,94,95],"em",{},"something",", you need ",[61,98,99],{},"delante de",".",[102,103,104,111],"ul",{},[105,106,107,110],"li",{},[61,108,109],{},"El coche está delante de la casa."," (The car is in front of the house.)",[105,112,113,116],{},[61,114,115],{},"El jardín está detrás de la casa."," (The garden is behind the house.)",[57,118,119,120,122,123,126,127,129],{},"Drop the ",[61,121,86],{}," and the phrase collapses: never ",[93,124,125],{},"delante la casa",". And with a pronoun, the ",[61,128,86],{}," stays and pulls in the strong pronoun, not the possessive:",[102,131,132,138],{},[105,133,134,137],{},[61,135,136],{},"Estoy detrás de ti."," (I'm behind you.)",[105,139,140,143,144,147,148,100],{},[61,141,142],{},"Se sentó delante de mí."," (She sat in front of me.) - ",[61,145,146],{},"mí"," takes an accent to keep it apart from possessive ",[61,149,150],{},"mi",[57,152,153],{},"The core set:",[155,156,157,173],"table",{},[158,159,160],"thead",{},[161,162,163,167,170],"tr",{},[164,165,166],"th",{},"Compound",[164,168,169],{},"Meaning",[164,171,172],{},"Example",[174,175,176,192,207,222,237,252,267,282,297,312,331],"tbody",{},[161,177,178,184,187],{},[179,180,181,182],"td",{},"delante ",[61,183,86],{},[179,185,186],{},"in front of",[179,188,181,189,191],{},[61,190,86],{}," la puerta (in front of the door)",[161,193,194,199,202],{},[179,195,196,197],{},"detrás ",[61,198,86],{},[179,200,201],{},"behind",[179,203,196,204,206],{},[61,205,86],{}," ti (behind you)",[161,208,209,214,217],{},[179,210,211,212],{},"encima ",[61,213,86],{},[179,215,216],{},"on top of \u002F above",[179,218,211,219,221],{},[61,220,86],{}," la mesa (on top of the table)",[161,223,224,229,232],{},[179,225,226,227],{},"debajo ",[61,228,86],{},[179,230,231],{},"under \u002F below",[179,233,226,234,236],{},[61,235,86],{}," la cama (under the bed)",[161,238,239,244,247],{},[179,240,241,242],{},"dentro ",[61,243,86],{},[179,245,246],{},"inside",[179,248,241,249,251],{},[61,250,86],{}," la caja (inside the box)",[161,253,254,259,262],{},[179,255,256,257],{},"fuera ",[61,258,86],{},[179,260,261],{},"outside",[179,263,256,264,266],{},[61,265,86],{}," casa (outside the house)",[161,268,269,274,277],{},[179,270,271,272],{},"cerca ",[61,273,86],{},[179,275,276],{},"near",[179,278,271,279,281],{},[61,280,86],{}," aquí (near here)",[161,283,284,289,292],{},[179,285,286,287],{},"lejos ",[61,288,86],{},[179,290,291],{},"far from",[179,293,286,294,296],{},[61,295,86],{}," ti (far from you)",[161,298,299,304,307],{},[179,300,301,302],{},"alrededor ",[61,303,86],{},[179,305,306],{},"around",[179,308,301,309,311],{},[61,310,86],{}," la mesa (around the table)",[161,313,314,322,325],{},[179,315,316,317,319,320],{},"frente ",[61,318,86],{}," \u002F enfrente ",[61,321,86],{},[179,323,324],{},"opposite \u002F facing",[179,326,327,328,330],{},"enfrente ",[61,329,86],{}," la iglesia (opposite the church)",[161,332,333,338,341],{},[179,334,335,336],{},"al lado ",[61,337,86],{},[179,339,340],{},"next to",[179,342,335,343,345],{},[61,344,86],{}," mí (next to me)",[57,347,348,349,351,352,354,355,358,359,362,363,366],{},"Two take ",[61,350,66],{}," rather than ",[61,353,86],{},": ",[61,356,357],{},"junto a"," (right next to) and ",[61,360,361],{},"frente a"," (facing). ",[61,364,365],{},"El hotel está frente al mar."," (The hotel faces the sea.)",[77,368,370],{"id":369},"compound-prepositions-of-idea","Compound prepositions of idea",[57,372,373],{},"Beyond place, a second family links ideas. These are worth learning as whole phrases, because the meaning does not fall out of the parts:",[155,375,376,386],{},[158,377,378],{},[161,379,380,382,384],{},[164,381,166],{},[164,383,169],{},[164,385,172],{},[174,387,388,404,420,436,455,471,487,503,519],{},[161,389,390,395,398],{},[179,391,392,393],{},"a través ",[61,394,86],{},[179,396,397],{},"through \u002F via",[179,399,400,401,403],{},"Entró a través ",[61,402,86],{}," la ventana. (through the window)",[161,405,406,411,414],{},[179,407,408,409],{},"a pesar ",[61,410,86],{},[179,412,413],{},"despite",[179,415,416,417,419],{},"A pesar ",[61,418,86],{}," todo, ganamos. (despite everything)",[161,421,422,427,430],{},[179,423,424,425],{},"además ",[61,426,86],{},[179,428,429],{},"besides",[179,431,432,433,435],{},"Además ",[61,434,86],{}," listo, es amable. (besides clever)",[161,437,438,446,449],{},[179,439,440,441,443,444],{},"en lugar ",[61,442,86],{}," \u002F en vez ",[61,445,86],{},[179,447,448],{},"instead of",[179,450,451,452,454],{},"En vez ",[61,453,86],{}," café, tomé té. (instead of coffee)",[161,456,457,462,465],{},[179,458,459,460],{},"en cuanto ",[61,461,66],{},[179,463,464],{},"as for",[179,466,467,468,470],{},"En cuanto ",[61,469,66],{}," mí, no voy. (as for me)",[161,472,473,478,481],{},[179,474,475,476],{},"respecto ",[61,477,66],{},[179,479,480],{},"regarding",[179,482,483,484,486],{},"Respecto ",[61,485,66],{}," eso, tienes razón. (regarding that)",[161,488,489,494,497],{},[179,490,491,492],{},"gracias ",[61,493,66],{},[179,495,496],{},"thanks to",[179,498,499,500,502],{},"Gracias ",[61,501,66],{}," ti, aprobé. (thanks to you)",[161,504,505,510,513],{},[179,506,507,508],{},"debido ",[61,509,66],{},[179,511,512],{},"owing to",[179,514,515,516,518],{},"Se canceló debido ",[61,517,66],{}," la lluvia. (owing to the rain)",[161,520,521,526,529],{},[179,522,523,524],{},"acerca ",[61,525,86],{},[179,527,528],{},"about",[179,530,531,532,534],{},"Un libro acerca ",[61,533,86],{}," la guerra. (about the war)",[57,536,537,538,541,542,545,546,549,550,553],{},"The two \"instead of\" forms are interchangeable: ",[61,539,540],{},"en vez de"," and ",[61,543,544],{},"en lugar de"," both work. ",[61,547,548],{},"A pesar de"," is followed by a noun or an infinitive: ",[61,551,552],{},"a pesar de estar cansado, seguí"," (despite being tired, I carried on).",[77,555,557],{"id":556},"the-a-en-de-contrast","The a \u002F en \u002F de contrast",[57,559,560,561,563,564,567,568,570],{},"At B1 the three plainest prepositions divide up jobs English hands to one word. Think of a triangle: ",[61,562,66],{}," for the target, ",[61,565,566],{},"en"," for the spot, ",[61,569,86],{}," for the source.",[102,572,573,589,612],{},[105,574,575,577,578,354,581,584,585,588],{},[61,576,66],{}," marks ",[61,579,580],{},"direction and time points",[61,582,583],{},"voy a Madrid"," (movement towards), ",[61,586,587],{},"llego a las tres"," (a point in time).",[105,590,591,577,593,354,596,599,600,603,604,607,608,611],{},[61,592,566],{},[61,594,595],{},"location and means of transport",[61,597,598],{},"estoy en casa"," (where, sitting still), ",[61,601,602],{},"viajo en tren"," (and en coche, en avión). The odd ones out go with a: ",[61,605,606],{},"a pie"," (on foot), ",[61,609,610],{},"a caballo"," (on horseback).",[105,613,614,577,616,354,619,622,623,626,627,630],{},[61,615,86],{},[61,617,618],{},"origin, possession and material",[61,620,621],{},"soy de Madrid"," (where I started), ",[61,624,625],{},"el coche de Pedro"," (possession), ",[61,628,629],{},"una mesa de madera"," (material).",[57,632,633,634,636,637,640,641,643],{},"Line them up on one place and the split is obvious: ",[61,635,583],{}," (heading there), ",[61,638,639],{},"estoy en Madrid"," (already there), ",[61,642,621],{}," (came from there).",[77,645,647],{"id":646},"verbs-whose-preposition-is-not-the-english-one","Verbs whose preposition is not the English one",[57,649,650],{},"Here is where careful learners still slip. A set of common verbs demand a fixed Spanish preposition that ignores the English one entirely. Translate the English preposition and you get it wrong every time, so learn the pair whole.",[102,652,653,666,680,693,706,719,732],{},[105,654,655,658,659,662,663,100],{},[61,656,657],{},"soñar con"," - to dream of \u002F about. ",[61,660,661],{},"Sueño con un mundo mejor."," (I dream of a better world.) Not ",[93,664,665],{},"soñar de",[105,667,668,671,672,675,676,679],{},[61,669,670],{},"pensar en"," - to think about. ",[61,673,674],{},"Pienso en ti."," (I'm thinking about you.) Not ",[93,677,678],{},"pensar sobre"," for having someone in mind.",[105,681,682,685,686,689,690,100],{},[61,683,684],{},"depender de"," - to depend on. ",[61,687,688],{},"Depende de ti."," (It depends on you.) Not ",[93,691,692],{},"depender en",[105,694,695,698,699,702,703,100],{},[61,696,697],{},"consistir en"," - to consist of. ",[61,700,701],{},"El curso consiste en diez clases."," (The course consists of ten lessons.) Not ",[93,704,705],{},"consistir de",[105,707,708,711,712,715,716,100],{},[61,709,710],{},"contar con"," - to count on \u002F rely on. ",[61,713,714],{},"Cuenta conmigo."," (Count on me.) Not ",[93,717,718],{},"contar en",[105,720,721,724,725,728,729,100],{},[61,722,723],{},"casarse con"," - to marry \u002F get married to. ",[61,726,727],{},"Se casó con Ana."," (He married Ana.) Not ",[93,730,731],{},"casarse a",[105,733,734,737,738,741,742,100],{},[61,735,736],{},"quejarse de"," - to complain about. ",[61,739,740],{},"Se queja de todo."," (He complains about everything.) Not ",[93,743,744],{},"quejarse sobre",[57,746,747,748,751,752,755,756,759,760,762,763,100],{},"The pattern to internalise: the preposition belongs to the Spanish verb, not to the meaning. ",[61,749,750],{},"Soñar"," simply comes with ",[61,753,754],{},"con"," attached, the way ",[61,757,758],{},"depender"," comes with ",[61,761,86],{},". For a fuller list, see ",[66,764,766],{"href":765},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fverbs-with-prepositions","verbs with prepositions",[77,768,770],{"id":769},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[57,772,773,776,777,780,781,541,784,787,788,790,791,100],{},[61,774,775],{},"Dropping the de after a place word."," ",[93,778,779],{},"Delante la casa",", ",[93,782,783],{},"detrás mi coche",[93,785,786],{},"cerca el centro"," are all wrong. The ",[61,789,86],{}," is compulsory: ",[61,792,793],{},"delante de la casa, detrás de mi coche, cerca del centro",[57,795,796,776,799,802,803,806,807,809,810,100],{},[61,797,798],{},"Using a possessive instead of a strong pronoun.",[93,800,801],{},"Delante mi"," for \"in front of me\" is loose speech at best; the standard form is ",[61,804,805],{},"delante de mí",", with ",[61,808,86],{}," and the accented ",[61,811,146],{},[57,813,814,817,818,821,822,825,826,829,830,541,832,100],{},[61,815,816],{},"Translating the English verb preposition."," \"I dream about\" becomes ",[93,819,820],{},"sueño sobre"," or ",[93,823,824],{},"sueño de"," in an English speaker's mouth; it is ",[61,827,828],{},"sueño con",". Same trap with ",[61,831,684],{},[61,833,670],{},[57,835,836,776,839,842,843,846,847,850,851,853,854,856,857,100],{},[61,837,838],{},"Muddling a, en and de for place.",[93,840,841],{},"Estoy a casa"," for \"I'm at home\" (should be ",[61,844,845],{},"en casa","), or ",[93,848,849],{},"voy en Madrid"," for \"I'm going to Madrid\" (should be ",[61,852,583],{},"). Direction is ",[61,855,66],{},", location is ",[61,858,566],{},[77,860,862],{"id":861},"see-also","See also",[102,864,865,870,876,882],{},[105,866,867,869],{},[66,868,69],{"href":68}," - the basic uses of de, a, en, con and the al \u002F del contractions this page builds on.",[105,871,872,875],{},[66,873,874],{"href":73},"Por vs Para"," - the other classic preposition split, cause versus goal.",[105,877,878,881],{},[66,879,880],{"href":765},"Verbs with prepositions"," - the fuller list of fixed verb-plus-preposition pairings.",[105,883,884,885,889],{},"The ",[66,886,888],{"href":887},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," has the compound-preposition table on one card.",{"title":891,"searchDepth":892,"depth":892,"links":893},"",2,[894,895,896,897,898,899],{"id":79,"depth":892,"text":80},{"id":369,"depth":892,"text":370},{"id":556,"depth":892,"text":557},{"id":646,"depth":892,"text":647},{"id":769,"depth":892,"text":770},{"id":861,"depth":892,"text":862},"B1-B2","Beyond de, a and en: Spanish compound prepositions of place and idea, the a\u002Fen\u002Fde contrast that trips learners, and the verbs whose preposition is not the English one.",[903,929],{"type":904,"instructions":905,"items":906},"fill-blank","Complete each compound preposition or verb pairing with the missing little word (de, a, con, en).",[907,910,913,915,918,921,924,926],{"prompt":908,"answer":86,"hint":909},"El gato está debajo ___ la mesa.","debajo takes this word",{"prompt":911,"answer":86,"hint":912},"Fuimos a pie a través ___ el bosque.","a través plus this word means through",{"prompt":914,"answer":86,"hint":413},"A pesar ___ la lluvia, salimos.",{"prompt":916,"answer":754,"hint":917},"Siempre sueño ___ viajar a Japón.","the verb soñar pairs with this",{"prompt":919,"answer":86,"hint":920},"Todo depende ___ ti.","the verb depender pairs with this",{"prompt":922,"answer":754,"hint":923},"Puedes contar ___ mi ayuda.","to count on someone",{"prompt":925,"answer":86,"hint":448},"En vez ___ café, tomé té.",{"prompt":927,"answer":566,"hint":928},"Pienso mucho ___ mi familia.","the verb pensar pairs with this",{"type":930,"instructions":931,"items":932},"which-one","Choose the preposition that fits each gap.",[933,936,939,942,945,948],{"prompt":934,"answer":66,"options":935},"Voy ___ Madrid mañana. (movement towards)",[66,566,86],{"prompt":937,"answer":566,"options":938},"Vivo ___ Madrid desde hace un año. (location)",[66,566,86],{"prompt":940,"answer":86,"options":941},"Soy ___ Madrid, nací allí. (origin)",[66,566,86],{"prompt":943,"answer":754,"options":944},"Me casé ___ ella en primavera.",[754,86,566],{"prompt":946,"answer":566,"options":947},"Siempre pienso ___ mi familia.",[566,86,754],{"prompt":949,"answer":86,"options":950},"Se queja ___ todo.",[86,754,566],"md",[953,956,959,962],{"q":954,"a":955},"Why do Spanish prepositions of place end in de?","Because words like delante, detrás, encima, debajo, cerca and lejos are really adverbs, and Spanish needs de to attach them to a noun. Delante on its own means 'in front' in the abstract; to say in front of what, you add de: delante de la casa (in front of the house). The same holds for detrás de, encima de, debajo de, dentro de and the rest. Drop the de and the phrase is ungrammatical: never delante la casa. With a pronoun the de stays and the pronoun is the strong form: delante de mí, detrás de ti, encima de él.",{"q":957,"a":958},"Is it detrás de mí or detrás mío?","The textbook-correct form is detrás de mí, with de plus the strong pronoun mí. You will hear detrás mío and delante nuestro in casual speech across Latin America and parts of Spain, treating the preposition like an adjective that agrees, but many speakers consider it non-standard and it is safest avoided in writing. Stick with de plus mí, ti, él, ella, nosotros, vosotros, ellos: cerca de ti, lejos de nosotros, alrededor de ellos. Note mí carries an accent to separate it from the possessive mi.",{"q":960,"a":961},"When do I use a, en or de for place?","Roughly: a for direction, en for location, de for origin. Voy a Madrid (I am going to Madrid, movement towards) versus estoy en Madrid (I am in Madrid, sitting still) versus soy de Madrid (I am from Madrid, where I started). The same three-way split runs through the language: a marks the target of movement and points in time (a las tres), en marks where something is and how you travel (en tren, en coche), and de marks origin, possession and material (de madera, de Pedro).",{"q":963,"a":964},"Why is it soñar con and not soñar de?","Because Spanish simply pairs soñar with con, and the pairing does not translate the English preposition. English dreams 'of' or 'about'; Spanish dreams 'with'. These verb-plus-preposition bonds are fixed and have to be learned as units: pensar en (think about), depender de (depend on), contar con (count on \u002F rely on), consistir en (consist of), quejarse de (complain about), casarse con (marry). Trying to translate the English preposition is exactly what produces the mistake, so learn the Spanish pair whole: soñar con, not soñar de or soñar sobre.","higher","Once the six workhorse prepositions are in place, Spanish builds bigger machines out of them. Delante de (in front of), a pesar de (despite), a través de (through), en vez de (instead of): these are compound prepositions, two or three little words locked together into a single meaning. Most of the ones about place end in de and take a possessive-style pronoun, so 'in front of me' is delante de mí and 'behind you' is detrás de ti, never delante mí. On top of that, the plain prepositions a, en and de divide up jobs that English lumps together, and a stubborn set of verbs demand a preposition that has nothing to do with the English one: you dream with your goals (soñar con), think in your problems (pensar en) and depend of your parents (depender de). This page assumes you already know the basic uses of a, en and de and the por-vs-para split, and builds beyond them: the compound prepositions worth memorising, the a\u002Fen\u002Fde contrast at B1 level, and the verb-plus-preposition pairings that stay wrong in English speakers' mouths for years.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprepositions-advanced",{"title":46,"description":901},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fprepositions-advanced","SbEbHOLbfAuQUDjonb8zf2UnLNZk1A15L2CU2BiO_BM",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":976},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":978},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":980},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":982},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]