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stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"m2 16l4.039-9.69a.5.5 0 0 1 .923 0L11 16m11-7v7M3.304 13h6.392\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"18.5\" cy=\"12.5\" r=\"3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"id":33,"title":34,"author":35,"body":36,"cefrLevel":547,"date":35,"description":548,"extension":549,"faqs":550,"gcseTier":557,"intro":558,"language":559,"lastUpdated":35,"meta":560,"navigation":561,"path":562,"seo":563,"stem":564,"verbSlugs":35,"__hash__":565},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpreterite-vs-imperfect.md","Preterite vs Imperfect: How to Choose Between the Two Spanish Past Tenses",null,{"type":37,"value":38,"toc":535},"minimark",[39,44,48,53,60,76,81,98,102,186,189,193,276,280,283,303,306,310,313,407,410,448,451,455,487,491,506,510],[40,41,43],"h1",{"id":42},"preterite-vs-imperfect","Preterite vs Imperfect",[45,46,47],"p",{},"The two simple Spanish past tenses split English's single past tense between them. The decision isn't subjective - the rules are clear once you have them.",[49,50,52],"h2",{"id":51},"the-decision-rules","The decision rules",[45,54,55,59],{},[56,57,58],"strong",{},"Preterite"," for:",[61,62,63,67,70,73],"ul",{},[64,65,66],"li",{},"Completed actions in a closed time frame (ayer, la semana pasada, en 2020)",[64,68,69],{},"Actions with a specified duration that has ended (trabajé dos horas, viví allí cinco años)",[64,71,72],{},"A single event, or a sequence of events forming a narrative",[64,74,75],{},"The interrupting event in a \"while X was happening, Y happened\" structure",[45,77,78,59],{},[56,79,80],{},"Imperfect",[61,82,83,86,89,92,95],{},[64,84,85],{},"Habitual or repeated actions (every day, every Sunday, used to)",[64,87,88],{},"Ongoing past actions (\"was X-ing\")",[64,90,91],{},"Background description (the scene, the weather, ages, time of day)",[64,93,94],{},"Mental and emotional states (knew, wanted, thought)",[64,96,97],{},"The interrupted action in a \"while X was happening, Y happened\" structure",[49,99,101],{"id":100},"time-markers-as-triggers","Time markers as triggers",[103,104,105,118],"table",{},[106,107,108],"thead",{},[109,110,111,115],"tr",{},[112,113,114],"th",{},"Triggers preterite",[112,116,117],{},"Triggers imperfect",[119,120,121,130,138,146,154,162,170,178],"tbody",{},[109,122,123,127],{},[124,125,126],"td",{},"ayer",[124,128,129],{},"siempre",[109,131,132,135],{},[124,133,134],{},"anoche",[124,136,137],{},"normalmente",[109,139,140,143],{},[124,141,142],{},"la semana pasada",[124,144,145],{},"todos los días",[109,147,148,151],{},[124,149,150],{},"el año pasado",[124,152,153],{},"mientras",[109,155,156,159],{},[124,157,158],{},"en 2020",[124,160,161],{},"cuando era niño",[109,163,164,167],{},[124,165,166],{},"hace dos años",[124,168,169],{},"de niño \u002F joven",[109,171,172,175],{},[124,173,174],{},"una vez",[124,176,177],{},"a menudo",[109,179,180,183],{},[124,181,182],{},"el otro día",[124,184,185],{},"en aquella época",[45,187,188],{},"If you see one of these in the sentence, it tells you which tense to reach for. When neither appears, you decide by context.",[49,190,192],{"id":191},"side-by-side-examples","Side-by-side examples",[103,194,195,208],{},[106,196,197],{},[109,198,199,202,205],{},[112,200,201],{},"Spanish (preterite)",[112,203,204],{},"Spanish (imperfect)",[112,206,207],{},"Notes",[119,209,210,221,232,243,254,265],{},[109,211,212,215,218],{},[124,213,214],{},"Ayer comí paella.",[124,216,217],{},"Comía paella todos los domingos.",[124,219,220],{},"One occasion vs habit",[109,222,223,226,229],{},[124,224,225],{},"Viví en Madrid dos años.",[124,227,228],{},"Vivía en Madrid cuando era estudiante.",[124,230,231],{},"Bounded duration vs background",[109,233,234,237,240],{},[124,235,236],{},"Fui al cine anoche.",[124,238,239],{},"Iba al cine cada viernes.",[124,241,242],{},"One event vs habit",[109,244,245,248,251],{},[124,246,247],{},"Ana llegó a las ocho.",[124,249,250],{},"Cuando yo llegué, Ana hablaba por teléfono.",[124,252,253],{},"Bounded events vs the ongoing one",[109,255,256,259,262],{},[124,257,258],{},"Hizo mucho calor el sábado.",[124,260,261],{},"Hacía mucho calor.",[124,263,264],{},"Closed past vs setting the scene",[109,266,267,270,273],{},[124,268,269],{},"Tuve un coche rojo (a specific one I bought and sold).",[124,271,272],{},"Tenía un coche rojo (the one I owned at the time).",[124,274,275],{},"Bounded ownership vs ongoing state",[49,277,279],{"id":278},"interrupted-action-the-most-common-composite","Interrupted action: the most common composite",[45,281,282],{},"A characteristic Spanish past-tense structure: imperfect for the ongoing action, preterite for the event that interrupts it.",[61,284,285,291,297],{},[64,286,287,290],{},[56,288,289],{},"Cuando llegué, María dormía."," (When I arrived, Maria was sleeping.)",[64,292,293,296],{},[56,294,295],{},"Mientras hablaba con mi madre, sonó el teléfono."," (While I was talking with my mother, the phone rang.)",[64,298,299,302],{},[56,300,301],{},"Estaba duchándome cuando se cortó el agua."," (I was showering when the water cut off.)",[45,304,305],{},"The imperfect sets the stage, the preterite delivers the event. This is the bedrock structure of Spanish narration.",[49,307,309],{"id":308},"verbs-that-change-meaning","Verbs that change meaning",[45,311,312],{},"Five common verbs shift their core meaning between the two tenses. Worth memorising as a set.",[103,314,315,328],{},[106,316,317],{},[109,318,319,322,325],{},[112,320,321],{},"Verb",[112,323,324],{},"Imperfect (state)",[112,326,327],{},"Preterite (bounded event)",[119,329,330,341,352,363,374,385,396],{},[109,331,332,335,338],{},[124,333,334],{},"conocer",[124,336,337],{},"conocía = knew (a person, a place)",[124,339,340],{},"conocí = met (for the first time)",[109,342,343,346,349],{},[124,344,345],{},"saber",[124,347,348],{},"sabía = knew (a fact)",[124,350,351],{},"supe = found out, learnt",[109,353,354,357,360],{},[124,355,356],{},"querer",[124,358,359],{},"quería = wanted",[124,361,362],{},"quise = tried, made the attempt",[109,364,365,368,371],{},[124,366,367],{},"no querer",[124,369,370],{},"no quería = didn't want",[124,372,373],{},"no quise = refused, decided not to",[109,375,376,379,382],{},[124,377,378],{},"poder",[124,380,381],{},"podía = could, was able",[124,383,384],{},"pude = managed to, succeeded",[109,386,387,390,393],{},[124,388,389],{},"no poder",[124,391,392],{},"no podía = couldn't",[124,394,395],{},"no pude = failed to, didn't manage",[109,397,398,401,404],{},[124,399,400],{},"tener",[124,402,403],{},"tenía = had (state)",[124,405,406],{},"tuve = got, received (event)",[45,408,409],{},"Examples:",[61,411,412,418,424,430,436,442],{},[64,413,414,417],{},[56,415,416],{},"Conocí a mi mujer en 2010."," (I met my wife in 2010 - the event.)",[64,419,420,423],{},[56,421,422],{},"Conocía a María antes de la universidad."," (I knew Maria before university - the ongoing state.)",[64,425,426,429],{},[56,427,428],{},"Supe la verdad ayer."," (I found out the truth yesterday - moment of finding out.)",[64,431,432,435],{},[56,433,434],{},"Sabía la verdad desde hace meses."," (I had known the truth for months - state.)",[64,437,438,441],{},[56,439,440],{},"Quise llamarte pero no pude."," (I tried to call you but I failed to - both bounded events.)",[64,443,444,447],{},[56,445,446],{},"Quería llamarte pero no podía."," (I wanted to call you but I wasn't able to - ongoing state.)",[45,449,450],{},"These distinctions don't translate cleanly into English. Spanish is doing semantic work in the choice of tense.",[49,452,454],{"id":453},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[61,456,457,463,469,475,481],{},[64,458,459,462],{},[56,460,461],{},"El año pasado fui a México y visité Ciudad de México."," (Last year I went to Mexico and visited Mexico City.) - bounded preterite chain",[64,464,465,468],{},[56,466,467],{},"Cuando era niño, mi familia y yo íbamos a la playa cada verano."," (When I was a child, my family and I used to go to the beach every summer.) - habitual imperfect",[64,470,471,474],{},[56,472,473],{},"María estaba cocinando cuando llegué a casa."," (Maria was cooking when I got home.) - imperfect + preterite",[64,476,477,480],{},[56,478,479],{},"El restaurante estaba lleno y hacía mucho calor."," (The restaurant was full and it was very hot.) - background imperfect",[64,482,483,486],{},[56,484,485],{},"Empecé a estudiar a las ocho y terminé a las once."," (I started studying at eight and finished at eleven.) - bounded preterite",[49,488,490],{"id":489},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[45,492,493,494,497,498,501,502,505],{},"Defaulting to the preterite for everything because it feels closer to English simple past. The imperfect covers habitual and ongoing past, and missing it is the surest marker of an English-speaking learner. Conversely, using the imperfect for a bounded event because the duration is long: ",[56,495,496],{},"viví en Madrid cinco años"," is preterite (bounded duration, ended), not imperfect. And missing the meaning-shifting verbs - ",[56,499,500],{},"conocí a María"," and ",[56,503,504],{},"conocía a María"," are genuinely different sentences and shouldn't be used interchangeably.",[49,507,509],{"id":508},"see-also","See also",[61,511,512,521,528],{},[64,513,514,515,520],{},"The ",[516,517,519],"a",{"href":518},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpreterite","preterite page"," covers the full preterite conjugation including irregulars.",[64,522,514,523,527],{},[516,524,526],{"href":525},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimperfect","imperfect page"," covers the imperfect conjugation and its triggers.",[64,529,514,530,534],{},[516,531,533],{"href":532},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate Spanish grammar"," page covers the full past-tense system including past perfect.",{"title":536,"searchDepth":537,"depth":537,"links":538},"",2,[539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546],{"id":51,"depth":537,"text":52},{"id":100,"depth":537,"text":101},{"id":191,"depth":537,"text":192},{"id":278,"depth":537,"text":279},{"id":308,"depth":537,"text":309},{"id":453,"depth":537,"text":454},{"id":489,"depth":537,"text":490},{"id":508,"depth":537,"text":509},"A2-B1","How to pick between preterite (completed action) and imperfect (ongoing or habitual action) in Spanish. Decision rules, side-by-side examples, and the meaning-shifting verbs.","md",[551,554],{"q":552,"a":553},"What is the easiest way to choose between preterite and imperfect?","Ask whether the action is bounded. If it has a clear start and end in the past (yesterday, last week, in 2010, for two hours), use the preterite: ayer comí paella. If it's ongoing, habitual, or background description with no end specified (every day, while, when I was young), use the imperfect: comía paella todos los domingos. The same English sentence can map onto either depending on context - 'I ate paella' could be comí paella (one specific occasion) or comía paella (used to, repeatedly).",{"q":555,"a":556},"Why does conocí mean met but conocía means knew?","A small set of common verbs change meaning between preterite and imperfect. Conocer in the imperfect means 'to know (someone or somewhere)' as an ongoing state - conocía a María (I knew Maria). In the preterite it means 'to meet (someone) for the first time' - the bounded event of first acquaintance: conocí a María en 2010 (I met Maria in 2010). Same pattern for saber (sabía = knew vs supe = found out), querer (quería = wanted vs quise = tried, no quise = refused), poder (podía = could vs pude = managed to, no pude = failed to).","foundation","Spanish has two simple past tenses, and English has one. The choice between preterite (hablé) and imperfect (hablaba) is one of the few real challenges of intermediate Spanish. This page covers the decision rules, the time markers that trigger each, the side-by-side cases, and the small set of verbs that change meaning depending on which past you pick.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpreterite-vs-imperfect",{"title":34,"description":548},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpreterite-vs-imperfect","qrAaut-EYgfSEyZYLz4tSMM0nHeMIvVfcFjaql42H4Q",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":568},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":570},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":572},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":574},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":576},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":578},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":580},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":582,"hidden":561},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781531943746]