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11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"id":45,"title":46,"author":47,"body":48,"cefrLevel":696,"date":47,"description":697,"exercises":698,"extension":766,"faqs":767,"gcseTier":780,"intro":781,"language":782,"lastUpdated":47,"meta":783,"navigation":784,"path":785,"seo":786,"stem":787,"verbSlugs":47,"__hash__":788},"pages\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-set-phrases.md","Spanish Subjunctive Set Phrases: pase lo que pase, como si, ojalá, que tengas...",null,{"type":49,"value":50,"toc":683},"minimark",[51,56,85,92,97,104,144,163,238,242,252,272,295,299,317,337,344,348,362,382,385,389,396,416,422,426,447,491,501,505,519,533,544,570,574,588,601,613,619,635,644,648],[52,53,55],"h1",{"id":54},"the-fossilised-subjunctive-set-phrases","The Fossilised Subjunctive: Set Phrases",[57,58,59,60,65,66,70,71,75,76,80,81,84],"p",{},"You have met the subjunctive when a verb triggers it - a ",[61,62,64],"a",{"href":63},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-wishes","wish",", a ",[61,67,69],{"href":68},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-doubt","doubt"," - and when a ",[61,72,74],{"href":73},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-adverbial-clauses","conjunction"," does. This page mops up the last corner: the subjunctive that lives inside ",[77,78,79],"strong",{},"fixed expressions",". Here the mood is not chosen sentence by sentence; it is ",[77,82,83],{},"baked into the formula",". You store these whole, the way you store a phrase in your own language, and reach for them ready-made.",[57,86,87,88,91],{},"Think of them as the ",[77,89,90],{},"fossilised subjunctive",". There is no productive rule to apply, no trigger to spot. The subjunctive is simply part of the shape of the phrase, and the phrase does one job.",[93,94,96],"h2",{"id":95},"reduplicated-concessives-pase-lo-que-pase","Reduplicated concessives: pase lo que pase",[57,98,99,100,103],{},"The most striking family doubles a verb around a relative word, and both halves go into the subjunctive. The frame is ",[77,101,102],{},"subjunctive + lo que \u002F como \u002F quien + the same verb again",". It means \"whatever, however, whoever\", conceding every outcome at once.",[105,106,107,114,120,126,132,138],"ul",{},[108,109,110,113],"li",{},[77,111,112],{},"Pase lo que pase, no me rindo."," (Whatever happens, I won't give up.)",[108,115,116,119],{},[77,117,118],{},"Cueste lo que cueste, lo conseguiré."," (Whatever it costs, I'll get it.)",[108,121,122,125],{},[77,123,124],{},"Digan lo que digan, seguiré adelante."," (Whatever they say, I'll carry on.)",[108,127,128,131],{},[77,129,130],{},"Sea como sea, lo terminamos hoy."," (However it turns out, we finish it today.)",[108,133,134,137],{},[77,135,136],{},"Sea quien sea, no abras la puerta."," (Whoever it is, don't open the door.)",[108,139,140,143],{},[77,141,142],{},"Como quieras."," (However you like \u002F as you wish.)",[57,145,146,147,150,151,154,155,158,159,162],{},"Because you are refusing to assert any single result, none of the outcomes is a fact, and Spanish parks ",[77,148,149],{},"both"," verbs in the subjunctive. To build a new one, pick the verb that carries your meaning, then repeat it around ",[77,152,153],{},"lo que",": ",[77,156,157],{},"hagas lo que hagas"," (whatever you do), ",[77,160,161],{},"vayas donde vayas"," (wherever you go).",[164,165,166,179],"table",{},[167,168,169],"thead",{},[170,171,172,176],"tr",{},[173,174,175],"th",{},"Set phrase",[173,177,178],{},"Meaning",[180,181,182,191,199,207,215,223,230],"tbody",{},[170,183,184,188],{},[185,186,187],"td",{},"pase lo que pase",[185,189,190],{},"whatever happens",[170,192,193,196],{},[185,194,195],{},"cueste lo que cueste",[185,197,198],{},"whatever it costs",[170,200,201,204],{},[185,202,203],{},"digan lo que digan",[185,205,206],{},"whatever they say",[170,208,209,212],{},[185,210,211],{},"sea como sea",[185,213,214],{},"however it turns out",[170,216,217,220],{},[185,218,219],{},"sea quien sea",[185,221,222],{},"whoever it is",[170,224,225,227],{},[185,226,157],{},[185,228,229],{},"whatever you do",[170,231,232,235],{},[185,233,234],{},"como quieras",[185,236,237],{},"however you like",[93,239,241],{"id":240},"ojalá-the-bare-hope","Ojalá: the bare hope",[57,243,244,247,248,251],{},[77,245,246],{},"Ojalá"," comes from an Arabic phrase meaning roughly \"may God grant\", and it never changes shape. It simply throws the following verb into the subjunctive, and the ",[77,249,250],{},"tense"," you pick sets how reachable the hope is.",[105,253,254,260,266],{},[108,255,256,259],{},[77,257,258],{},"Ojalá venga."," (I hope he comes.) - present subjunctive, an open hope about the future.",[108,261,262,265],{},[77,263,264],{},"Ojalá viniera."," (I wish he would come.) - imperfect subjunctive, unlikely or contrary to fact now.",[108,267,268,271],{},[77,269,270],{},"Ojalá hubiera venido."," (I wish he had come.) - pluperfect subjunctive, a regret about the past.",[57,273,274,275,278,279,282,283,286,287,290,291,294],{},"So the choice is one of distance. ",[77,276,277],{},"Ojalá llueva"," hopes for rain that might still fall; ",[77,280,281],{},"ojalá lloviera"," wishes for rain on a cloudless day; ",[77,284,285],{},"ojalá hubiera llovido"," mourns the rain that never came. You can add ",[77,288,289],{},"que"," with no change in meaning: ",[77,292,293],{},"ojalá que ganemos",".",[93,296,298],{"id":297},"como-si-always-contrary-to-fact","Como si: always contrary to fact",[57,300,301,304,305,308,309,312,313,316],{},[77,302,303],{},"Como si"," (as if) compares reality to something imagined or false, so it ",[77,306,307],{},"never"," takes the indicative. It takes the ",[77,310,311],{},"imperfect subjunctive"," for a present or general comparison, and the ",[77,314,315],{},"pluperfect subjunctive"," for something that would have happened earlier.",[105,318,319,325,331],{},[108,320,321,324],{},[77,322,323],{},"Habla como si lo supiera todo."," (He talks as if he knew everything.) - but he doesn't.",[108,326,327,330],{},[77,328,329],{},"Gasta dinero como si fuera millonario."," (He spends money as if he were a millionaire.)",[108,332,333,336],{},[77,334,335],{},"Me miró como si hubiera visto un fantasma."," (She looked at me as if she had seen a ghost.)",[57,338,339,340,343],{},"Present indicative after ",[77,341,342],{},"como si"," is one of the clearest errors a learner can make. The comparison is imaginary by definition, so the mood is fixed. There is no \"real\" version to choose, unlike the doubt or aunque forks elsewhere in the system.",[93,345,347],{"id":346},"ni-que-the-sarcasm-marker","Ni que: the sarcasm marker",[57,349,350,351,353,354,357,358,361],{},"Close cousin to ",[77,352,342],{}," is ",[77,355,356],{},"ni que",", a purely spoken flourish that means something like \"anyone would think...\" or a scornful \"as if!\". It also ",[77,359,360],{},"always"," takes the imperfect subjunctive.",[105,363,364,370,376],{},[108,365,366,369],{},[77,367,368],{},"¡Ni que fueras rico!"," (Anyone would think you were rich!) - said to someone spending freely.",[108,371,372,375],{},[77,373,374],{},"¡Ni que fuera el jefe!"," (Anyone would think he was the boss!)",[108,377,378,381],{},[77,379,380],{},"¡Ni que tuviéramos todo el día!"," (As if we had all day!)",[57,383,384],{},"The tone is always a little exasperated. You are mocking a pretension by pretending to accept it, and the imperfect subjunctive carries the \"if only that were true\" flavour.",[93,386,388],{"id":387},"quién-subjunctive-the-sighed-wish","Quién + subjunctive: the sighed wish",[57,390,391,392,395],{},"A bare ",[77,393,394],{},"quién"," in front of the imperfect subjunctive is a wistful \"if only I could\". There is no real question here, only a sigh.",[105,397,398,404,410],{},[108,399,400,403],{},[77,401,402],{},"¡Quién pudiera!"," (If only I could!)",[108,405,406,409],{},[77,407,408],{},"¡Quién tuviera veinte años otra vez!"," (Oh to be twenty again!)",[108,411,412,415],{},[77,413,414],{},"¡Quién supiera pintar así!"," (If only I could paint like that!)",[57,417,418,419,421],{},"It is idiomatic and slightly literary, but common in speech. Read ",[77,420,394],{}," plus the imperfect subjunctive as an unreachable wish about yourself, not a question about who does something.",[93,423,425],{"id":424},"the-good-wishes-que-tengas-un-buen-día","The good wishes: que tengas un buen día",[57,427,428,429,431,432,435,436,439,440,435,443,446],{},"The warmest family is a bare ",[77,430,289],{}," plus the present subjunctive, used for good wishes and polite send-offs. The subjunctive is a leftover: the full sentence is ",[77,433,434],{},"espero que..."," or ",[77,437,438],{},"quiero que..."," (I hope that...), and Spanish simply drops the ",[77,441,442],{},"espero",[77,444,445],{},"quiero",", leaving the wish to stand on its own.",[105,448,449,455,461,467,473,479,485],{},[108,450,451,454],{},[77,452,453],{},"Que tengas un buen día."," (Have a good day.)",[108,456,457,460],{},[77,458,459],{},"Que te mejores."," (Get well soon.)",[108,462,463,466],{},[77,464,465],{},"Que aproveche."," (Enjoy your meal.)",[108,468,469,472],{},[77,470,471],{},"Que descanses."," (Sleep well.)",[108,474,475,478],{},[77,476,477],{},"Que te vaya bien."," (May it go well for you.)",[108,480,481,484],{},[77,482,483],{},"Que tengas suerte."," (Good luck.)",[108,486,487,490],{},[77,488,489],{},"Que lo pases bien."," (Have a good time.)",[57,492,493,494,496,497,500],{},"Whenever a sentence opens with a lone ",[77,495,289],{}," and a wish, hear the hidden ",[77,498,499],{},"espero que"," behind it. That is why the verb is subjunctive even though there seems to be no trigger in sight.",[93,502,504],{"id":503},"que-yo-sepa-and-por-si","Que yo sepa and por si",[57,506,507,508,511,512,515,516,294],{},"Two smaller fossils are worth pocketing. ",[77,509,510],{},"Que yo sepa"," (as far as I know), and its plural ",[77,513,514],{},"que sepamos",", is a fixed hedge that always uses the subjunctive of ",[77,517,518],{},"saber",[105,520,521,527],{},[108,522,523,526],{},[77,524,525],{},"Que yo sepa, no ha llegado."," (As far as I know, he hasn't arrived.)",[108,528,529,532],{},[77,530,531],{},"No viene nadie más, que yo sepa."," (No one else is coming, as far as I know.)",[57,534,535,536,539,540,543],{},"The phrase ",[77,537,538],{},"el hecho de que"," (the fact that) usually takes the subjunctive even though it names a fact, because it frames the fact as something reacted to rather than freshly asserted: ",[77,541,542],{},"el hecho de que lo sepa no cambia nada"," (the fact that he knows changes nothing).",[57,545,546,547,550,551,554,555,558,559,562,563,566,567,569],{},"Finally, ",[77,548,549],{},"por si"," and ",[77,552,553],{},"por si acaso"," (just in case) lean towards the indicative in everyday speech - ",[77,556,557],{},"llévate el paraguas por si llueve"," (take the umbrella in case it rains) - though the subjunctive ",[77,560,561],{},"por si lloviera"," appears in more careful or past-tense contexts. Unlike ",[77,564,565],{},"en caso de que",", which is hardwired to the subjunctive, ",[77,568,549],{}," does not force the mood, so treat it as its own small exception.",[93,571,573],{"id":572},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[57,575,576,579,580,583,584,587],{},[77,577,578],{},"Using the indicative after como si."," English \"as if\" is followed by an ordinary tense, and learners copy it: ",[77,581,582],{},"como si sabe"," is wrong. It must be ",[77,585,586],{},"como si supiera"," - the comparison is imaginary, so the imperfect subjunctive is fixed.",[57,589,590,593,594,597,598,600],{},[77,591,592],{},"Doubling only one half of the concessive."," ",[77,595,596],{},"Pase lo que pasa"," breaks the frame; both verbs are subjunctive, so it is ",[77,599,187],{},". The reduplication is the whole point.",[57,602,603,606,607,609,610,612],{},[77,604,605],{},"Reading que tengas as a question or a command."," The bare ",[77,608,289],{}," is not \"that\" and not an order; it is the tail of a hidden ",[77,611,499],{},". It stays subjunctive because a wish, however abbreviated, still governs it.",[57,614,615,618],{},[77,616,617],{},"Mixing up ojalá venga and ojalá viniera."," The present subjunctive keeps the hope alive; the imperfect makes it wistful or unreal. Pick the tense to match how likely the outcome really is.",[57,620,621,624,625,627,628,631,632,634],{},[77,622,623],{},"Forcing the subjunctive after por si."," Unlike its cousin en caso de que, ",[77,626,549],{}," happily takes the indicative in speech: ",[77,629,630],{},"por si llueve",", not only ",[77,633,561],{},". Do not over-apply the rule.",[57,636,637,638,550,640,643],{},"Store these as chunks, not as rules. The subjunctive inside them is a fossil - a wish or a hypothesis that has hardened into a phrase - and once the shape is in your ear, ",[77,639,187],{},[77,641,642],{},"que tengas un buen día"," come out whole, without a single deduction.",[93,645,647],{"id":646},"see-also","See also",[105,649,650,656,662,668,675],{},[108,651,652,655],{},[61,653,654],{"href":63},"The subjunctive after wishes"," - the live version of the hope that ojalá and que tengas have fossilised.",[108,657,658,661],{},[61,659,660],{"href":68},"The subjunctive after doubt and denial"," - where the vouch-for-it logic behind como si and ni que is laid out in full.",[108,663,664,667],{},[61,665,666],{"href":73},"The subjunctive in adverbial clauses"," - en caso de que and the conjunctions that por si sits alongside.",[108,669,670,674],{},[61,671,673],{"href":672},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsi-clauses","Si clauses: real and unreal conditions"," - the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive that como si, ni que and quién all borrow.",[108,676,677,678,682],{},"The ",[61,679,681],{"href":680},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar cheatsheet"," has the pase-lo-que-pase family and the good wishes on one card.",{"title":684,"searchDepth":685,"depth":685,"links":686},"",2,[687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695],{"id":95,"depth":685,"text":96},{"id":240,"depth":685,"text":241},{"id":297,"depth":685,"text":298},{"id":346,"depth":685,"text":347},{"id":387,"depth":685,"text":388},{"id":424,"depth":685,"text":425},{"id":503,"depth":685,"text":504},{"id":572,"depth":685,"text":573},{"id":646,"depth":685,"text":647},"B2","The fossilised Spanish subjunctive: fixed formulae like pase lo que pase, sea como sea, ojalá, como si, ni que and que tengas un buen día - learned as chunks.",[699,734],{"type":700,"instructions":701,"items":702},"fill-blank","Complete each fixed expression by putting the verb in brackets into the subjunctive the formula requires. Some need the present subjunctive, some the imperfect.",[703,707,711,715,718,722,726,730],{"prompt":704,"answer":705,"hint":706},"Pase lo que ___, no me rindo. (pasar)","pase","pasar",{"prompt":708,"answer":709,"hint":710},"Lo haré cueste lo que ___. (costar)","cueste","costar",{"prompt":712,"answer":713,"hint":714},"Digan lo que ___, seguiré adelante. (decir)","digan","decir",{"prompt":716,"answer":717,"hint":518},"Habla como si lo ___ todo. (saber, él)","supiera",{"prompt":719,"answer":720,"hint":721},"¡Ni que ___ rico! (ser, tú)","fueras","ser",{"prompt":723,"answer":724,"hint":725},"Ojalá ___ mañana. (llover)","llueva","llover",{"prompt":727,"answer":728,"hint":729},"Que ___ un buen día. (tener, tú)","tengas","tener",{"prompt":731,"answer":732,"hint":733},"¡Quién ___ volar! (poder)","pudiera","poder",{"type":735,"instructions":736,"items":737},"which-one","Choose the form the fixed expression demands. Ask whether the formula wants the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive, or the indicative.",[738,743,748,753,758,762],{"prompt":739,"answer":740,"options":741},"Sea como ___, lo terminaremos hoy.","sea",[740,742],"es",{"prompt":744,"answer":745,"options":746},"Me miró como si ___ un fantasma.","hubiera visto",[745,747],"había visto",{"prompt":749,"answer":750,"options":751},"Ojalá ___ ahora mismo, pero está lejos. (unlikely wish)","estuviera",[750,752],"está",{"prompt":754,"answer":755,"options":756},"Que te ___ pronto.","mejores",[755,757],"mejoras",{"prompt":759,"answer":720,"options":760},"¡Ni que ___ el jefe! (as if)",[720,761],"eres",{"prompt":763,"answer":764,"options":765},"Sea ___ sea, no le abras la puerta.","quien",[764,289],"md",[768,771,774,777],{"q":769,"a":770},"Why does pase lo que pase use the subjunctive twice?","Because it is a reduplicated concessive idiom, and the whole frame is hypothetical. The pattern is subjunctive + lo que + the same verb again in the subjunctive: pase lo que pase (whatever happens), cueste lo que cueste (whatever it costs), digan lo que digan (whatever they say), sea como sea (however it turns out), sea quien sea (whoever it is). You are conceding every possible outcome at once, none of them asserted as fact, so Spanish parks both verbs in the subjunctive. Treat these as fixed chunks: pick the verb that fits your meaning, then double it. The English is always some form of whatever, whoever or however.",{"q":772,"a":773},"Does como si always take the subjunctive?","Yes, and this is one of the few genuinely no-exceptions rules in the mood. Como si (as if) describes something contrary to fact or merely imagined, so it never takes the indicative. It takes the imperfect subjunctive for a present or general comparison - habla como si lo supiera todo (he talks as if he knew everything) - and the pluperfect subjunctive for something anterior: me miró como si hubiera visto un fantasma (she looked at me as if she had seen a ghost). Present indicative after como si is simply wrong. The related sarcasm marker ni que works the same way: ni que fueras rico (anyone would think you were rich) always takes the imperfect subjunctive too.",{"q":775,"a":776},"What is the difference between ojalá venga and ojalá viniera?","The mood sets how reachable the hope is. Ojalá plus the present subjunctive is an open hope about the future: ojalá venga (I hope he comes), the coming is still possible. Ojalá plus the imperfect subjunctive is a wish about something unlikely or contrary to fact right now: ojalá viniera (I wish he would come, but he probably will not). Push it further back with the pluperfect subjunctive for a regret about the past: ojalá hubiera venido (I wish he had come). Ojalá comes from Arabic and never changes shape, so the verb after it carries the whole meaning: present for a live hope, imperfect for a faint or unreal one, pluperfect for a lost one.",{"q":778,"a":779},"Why does que tengas un buen día use the subjunctive with no main verb?","Because it is a shortened wish. The full sentence is espero que tengas un buen día or quiero que tengas un buen día (I hope you have a good day), and Spanish simply drops the espero or quiero, leaving the que plus subjunctive to stand alone. The subjunctive survives from the wish that has gone unspoken. The whole family works this way: que te mejores (get well soon), que aproveche (enjoy your meal), que descanses (sleep well), que te vaya bien (may it go well for you), que tengas suerte (good luck). Read a bare que at the start of a good wish as the leftover of a hidden espero que.","higher","You have already met the subjunctive that a trigger summons - a wish, a doubt, a purpose conjunction. This page mops up the last corner: the subjunctive that lives inside fixed expressions, learned not as a rule but as a chunk. Spanish is full of these fossilised formulae. Pase lo que pase (whatever happens), sea como sea (whatever way it takes), cueste lo que cueste (whatever it costs) - the same word doubled around a relative, always subjunctive. Ojalá llueva (I hope it rains) drops a whole Arabic borrowing in front of the mood. Como si lo supiera todo (as if he knew everything) forces the imperfect subjunctive every single time. Ni que fueras rico (anyone would think you were rich) is pure sarcasm built on the same form. And the warmest of the lot are the good wishes: que tengas un buen día, que te mejores, que aproveche - a que plus subjunctive that leaves the main verb quiero unspoken. You do not deduce these from a trigger; you store them whole. This page lays out each family, tables the workhorses, and shows why the mood is baked in rather than chosen.","spanish",{},true,"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-set-phrases",{"title":46,"description":697},"spanish\u002Fgrammar\u002Fsubjunctive-set-phrases","yzCb536IV_bAQKMp-ksD4Gj59fpZH9RUUlbPU8PAyg4",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":791},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":793},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":795},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M20 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-7.9a2 2 0 0 1-1.69-.9L9.6 3.9A2 2 0 0 0 7.93 3H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2Zm-8-10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m15 13l-3 3l-3-3\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":797},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M11 4.702a.705.705 0 0 0-1.203-.498L6.413 7.587A1.4 1.4 0 0 1 5.416 8H3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2.416a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .997.413l3.383 3.384A.705.705 0 0 0 11 19.298zM16 9a5 5 0 0 1 0 6m3.364 3.364a9 9 0 0 0 0-12.728\"\u002F>"]