Esperanto · Chapter 10 · Lesson 22 · Themed review
Sentoj
Joy, grief, fear and hope. The feeling words, and the mal- pairs and -igxi verbs that turn each one into its opposite or its onset.
Practise this lesson
14-word session
A quick mix of exercises - recognise, recall, type and build each word. Miss one and it comes back round until it sticks.
Worth knowing
Ĝojo kaj doloro: the feelings, and the four affixes that flip them
You have met all fourteen of these already, scattered from chapter 2 to chapter 10. Together they are not a list of feelings so much as a demonstration of how builds one: four roots and four affixes cover more ground here than a page of memorised vocabulary would in any other language.
The root has no part of speech
- is not a noun, a verb or an adjective. The ending decides, and all three endings are always available:
| root | -o (noun) | -i (verb) | -a (adjective) |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | (joy) | ĝoji (to rejoice) | ĝoja (joyful) |
| tim- | timo (fear) | (to fear) | tima (fearful) |
| koler- | o (anger) | (to be angry) | (angry) |
| am- | (love) | (to love) | ama (loving) |
The course taught you each word in whichever slot people actually use: and as nouns, , and as verbs, as an adjective. That is a habit, not a rule. Plezuri and dolora are perfectly good Esperanto.
mal-, and the two kinds of unhappy
is cheerful; is its exact opposite, downcast. is happy in the settled, fortunate sense; is unhappy or unlucky.
Keep them apart. A person can have a life and a evening. o is sorrow, is to hate, and is to despair, which is the one worth stealing: hope, negated, in one prefix.
ek- is the moment it starts
This is where English needs a whole phrasal verb and Esperanto needs two letters:
i - to fall in love. i - to take fright. i - to burst out laughing. i - to burst into tears. i - to lose your temper.
-iĝ- happens to you, -ig- you do to someone
The most productive pair in the language, and feelings are where you feel it:
i- to get angry.i- to make someone angry.
i- to gladden.- to frighten.i- to make someone laugh.
One is the change in you; the other is the change you cause.
Koro, revo, pasio
carries both jobs English gives heart, the organ and the feeling: koran , heartfelt thanks. is the waking dream, the ambition, and the verb is revi; the thing you have while asleep is a , and swapping them is the standard slip. is passion.
Provu ĝin
is ŝin. - I fell in love with her.
, . - He is not unhappy, just downcast.
rakonto is . - Her story made us laugh.
. - I still hope.