Part of Chapter 19

CEFR B2

The French Present Subjunctive: How to Form It

The subjunctive sounds frightening and mostly is not. The forms are regular for the overwhelming majority of verbs, the rule is one short instruction, and there are only about eight irregulars to memorise. This page is about building the forms. What makes the subjunctive appear in the first place - il faut que, je veux que and the rest - lives on the subjunctive after necessity and will page. Learn the shapes here first, then learn what triggers them.

One fact to fix before anything else: the present subjunctive almost always turns up after que. That little word is your signal. When you see or want que introducing a clause with a new subject, the subjunctive is usually what follows. So the forms are conventionally written with que stuck on the front - que je parle, que tu sois - to drill the habit.

The regular rule: ils-form, drop -ent, add the endings

Here is the whole regular system in one move. Take the third-person plural (the ils / elles form) of the present indicative, knock off the -ent, and add the subjunctive endings:

PersonEnding
que je-e
que tu-es
qu'il-e
que nous-ions
que vous-iez
qu'ils-ent

That is it. The je, tu, il and ils forms come straight off the ils stem; nous and vous take -ions and -iez. Watch the three groups fall into line.

parler (ils parlent -> stem parl-):

PersonForm
que jeparle
que tuparles
qu'ilparle
que nousparlions
que vousparliez
qu'ilsparlent

finir (ils finissent -> stem finiss-):

PersonForm
que jefinisse
que tufinisses
qu'ilfinisse
que nousfinissions
que vousfinissiez
qu'ilsfinissent

vendre (ils vendent -> stem vend-):

PersonForm
que jevende
que tuvendes
qu'ilvende
que nousvendions
que vousvendiez
qu'ilsvendent

Notice that for -er verbs the je, tu, il and ils subjunctive forms are written exactly like the present indicative (je parle, que je parle). They sound the same too. The subjunctive only announces itself audibly in the nous and vous forms or in irregular verbs - which is precisely why the irregulars matter so much.

The nous and vous twist: the imperfect stem

A large family of verbs has a stem that changes between the singular and the nous form in the present indicative - venir gives je viens but nous venons, prendre gives je prends but nous prenons. These two-stem verbs keep that split in the subjunctive. The je, tu, il and ils forms build on the ils stem; the nous and vous forms build on the imperfect stem (the nous-of-the-present stem), so they look identical to the imparfait.

venir (ils viennent; imperfect nous venions):

PersonForm
que jevienne
que tuviennes
qu'ilvienne
que nousvenions
que vousveniez
qu'ilsviennent

prendre (ils prennent; imperfect nous prenions):

PersonForm
que jeprenne
que tuprennes
qu'ilprenne
que nousprenions
que vouspreniez
qu'ilsprennent

The same pattern runs through boire (que je boive / que nous buvions), devoir (que je doive / que nous devions), voir (que je voie / que nous voyions), recevoir (que je recoive / que nous recevions) and others. The trick: build the four "heavy" forms off ils, and let nous and vous copy the imparfait.

The irregulars you have to memorise

Eight verbs ignore the rule. These are not optional - they are the highest-frequency verbs in the language, so you will need them constantly. Learn them as solid blocks.

etre and avoir are the worst offenders, irregular throughout:

Personetreavoir
que jesoisaie
que tusoisaies
qu'ilsoitait
que noussoyonsayons
que voussoyezayez
qu'ilssoientaient

aller and vouloir keep an irregular stem in the four heavy forms but revert to a regular-looking stem for nous and vous - exactly the two-stem behaviour from the section above, just with an odd singular stem:

Personallervouloir
que jeailleveuille
que tuaillesveuilles
qu'ilailleveuille
que nousallionsvoulions
que vousalliezvouliez
qu'ilsaillentveuillent

So que j'aille but que nous allions; que je veuille but que nous voulions. Miss this and you will produce the non-word "que nous aillions", which is wrong.

faire, pouvoir and savoir are each built on a single irregular stem (fass-, puiss-, sach-) plus the standard endings, so they are mercifully consistent across all six persons:

Personfairepouvoirsavoir
que jefassepuissesache
que tufassespuissessaches
qu'ilfassepuissesache
que nousfassionspuissionssachions
que vousfassiezpuissiezsachiez
qu'ilsfassentpuissentsachent

Finally falloir, the impersonal verb behind il faut, exists only in the third person singular: the subjunctive is qu'il faille. You meet it inside longer structures such as "bien qu'il faille partir" (although one has to leave). The same goes for pleuvoir (qu'il pleuve).

A short reference list to memorise:

  • etre -> que je sois, que nous soyons
  • avoir -> que j'aie, que nous ayons
  • aller -> que j'aille, que nous allions
  • faire -> que je fasse
  • pouvoir -> que je puisse
  • savoir -> que je sache
  • vouloir -> que je veuille, que nous voulions
  • falloir -> qu'il faille

Worked examples

  • parler: ils parlent -> drop -ent -> parl- -> qu'il parle, que nous parlions.
  • finir: ils finissent -> finiss- -> que tu finisses, que vous finissiez.
  • vendre: ils vendent -> vend- -> qu'elle vende, qu'ils vendent.
  • venir: heavy forms off viennent (que je vienne); nous / vous off the imperfect (que nous venions, que vous veniez).
  • boire: que je boive but que nous buvions - same two-stem split.
  • etre: pure memory - que je sois, qu'il soit, que vous soyez.
  • aller: que j'aille in the singular, que nous allions in the plural; never "que nous aillions".
  • falloir: third-person only - qu'il faille.

Common mistakes English speakers make

The big one is forgetting that aller and vouloir switch stems: it is que nous allions and que nous voulions, not "que nous aillions" or "que nous veuillions". Next, treating -er verbs as somehow special - they are not; que je parle simply happens to match the indicative, so do not invent a different ending. Another is missing the imperfect stem on the two-stem verbs and writing "que nous viennions" instead of que nous venions. People also reach for etre and avoir as if they were regular: que je suis and que j'ai are the indicative; the subjunctive is que je sois and que j'aie. Watch the spelling of avoir too - que j'aie (one i, silent ending), not "que j'ai". Finally, do not bother hunting for a future or conditional subjunctive: French has no such thing, so a sentence about the future still uses the present subjunctive after que.

See also

Frequently asked questions

How do you form the regular present subjunctive in French?
Take the third-person plural (ils / elles) of the present indicative, drop the -ent, and add the subjunctive endings -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. So parler gives ils parlent -> que je parle, que tu parles, qu'il parle, que nous parlions, que vous parliez, qu'ils parlent. The same drill works for all three groups: finir gives ils finissent -> que je finisse, and vendre gives ils vendent -> que je vende. The ils form is the single thing you need; everything else falls out of it.
Why do nous and vous look like the imperfect in the subjunctive?
Because for a large group of verbs they genuinely use the imperfect stem. Verbs whose stem shifts between the singular and the nous form - venir, prendre, boire, devoir, voir and many others - take that second stem in the subjunctive nous and vous. So que je vienne but que nous venions, que vous veniez; que je prenne but que nous prenions. The nous and vous forms end up identical to the imparfait (nous venions, vous veniez), which is a handy memory hook rather than a coincidence.
Which French subjunctives are irregular and must be memorised?
Eight do not follow the ils-form rule and have to be learned outright: etre (que je sois), avoir (que j'aie), aller (que j'aille, que nous allions), faire (que je fasse), pouvoir (que je puisse), savoir (que je sache), vouloir (que je veuille, que nous voulions), and the impersonal falloir (qu'il faille). Aller and vouloir are the awkward ones because they keep the irregular stem in the singular and ils forms but revert to a regular-looking stem for nous and vous. Drill these eight and the rest of the present subjunctive is mechanical.