Spanish Preterite
The preterite is the past tense for events with a fixed beginning and end. Ayer fui al cine (yesterday I went to the cinema) - one event, one time, completed.
Regular endings
The -ar verbs use one set; -er and -ir verbs share another.
-ar verbs (hablar):
| Person | Ending | hablar |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -é | hablé |
| tú | -aste | hablaste |
| él / ella / usted | -ó | habló |
| nosotros | -amos | hablamos |
| vosotros | -asteis | hablasteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | -aron | hablaron |
-er / -ir verbs (comer, vivir):
| Person | Ending | comer | vivir |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -í | comí | viví |
| tú | -iste | comiste | viviste |
| él / ella / usted | -ió | comió | vivió |
| nosotros | -imos | comimos | vivimos |
| vosotros | -isteis | comisteis | vivisteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | -ieron | comieron | vivieron |
The yo and 3rd-person-singular forms carry mandatory written accents (hablé, habló, comí, comió, viví, vivió). Dropping the accent changes the meaning or breaks the form.
Note: the nosotros forms (hablamos, vivimos) are identical to the present tense for -ar and -ir verbs. Context disambiguates: hablamos español todos los días (present), ayer hablamos con María (preterite).
The big irregular group
About a dozen high-frequency verbs share an irregular stem in the preterite, plus a single shared set of endings: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron (or -eron after a -j stem). Note that the yo and 3rd-singular forms carry no written accent - this is the marker of the irregular group.
| Verb | Stem | Yo form |
|---|---|---|
| tener | tuv- | tuve |
| poder | pud- | pude |
| hacer | hic- | hice |
| venir | vin- | vine |
| estar | estuv- | estuve |
| poner | pus- | puse |
| querer | quis- | quise |
| saber | sup- | supe |
| haber | hub- | hube |
| andar | anduv- | anduve |
| decir | dij- | dije |
| traer | traj- | traje |
Full conjugation of tener as the model:
| Person | tener |
|---|---|
| yo | tuve |
| tú | tuviste |
| él / ella / usted | tuvo |
| nosotros | tuvimos |
| vosotros | tuvisteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | tuvieron |
Decir and traer end in -j and take -eron instead of -ieron in the 3rd plural: dijeron, trajeron (not "dijieron", "trajieron").
Hacer has one spelling shift: in the 3rd singular, hizo (not "hico") to preserve the soft c sound.
ir and ser: identical forms
Ir (to go) and ser (to be) share the same preterite conjugation. Context disambiguates.
| Person | ir / ser |
|---|---|
| yo | fui |
| tú | fuiste |
| él / ella / usted | fue |
| nosotros | fuimos |
| vosotros | fuisteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | fueron |
- Fui al cine. (I went to the cinema.) - ir
- Fue mi profesor. (He was my teacher.) - ser
dar
Dar takes -er/-ir endings in the preterite despite being -ar. No accents.
| Person | dar |
|---|---|
| yo | di |
| tú | diste |
| él / ella / usted | dio |
| nosotros | dimos |
| vosotros | disteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | dieron |
When to use it
The preterite is triggered by closed time markers and specific completed events.
- ayer (yesterday) - ayer comí paella
- anoche (last night) - anoche llegué tarde
- la semana pasada / el año pasado (last week / year) - el año pasado fui a Madrid
- en 2020 / en mayo - en 2020 estudié en Madrid
- hace + time (ago) - hace dos años trabajé en París
- un día / una vez (one day / once)
- first / next / then / finally - primero, luego, después, finalmente
If the time frame is closed and the event is done, reach for the preterite. If the action was habitual or ongoing, the imperfect is the right call - see the preterite vs imperfect page.
Worked examples
- Ayer fui al cine con mis amigos. (Yesterday I went to the cinema with my friends.)
- El año pasado viví en París. (Last year I lived in Paris.)
- Hablamos por dos horas anoche. (We talked for two hours last night.)
- Tuve que trabajar el sábado. (I had to work on Saturday.)
- María hizo la cena. (Maria made dinner.)
- No pude llamarte ayer. (I couldn't call you yesterday.)
- Dijeron la verdad. (They told the truth.)
Common mistakes English speakers make
Forgetting the written accents on the yo and 3rd-singular forms of regular verbs: it's hablé, not "hable" (which is subjunctive). Trying to regularise the irregular stems: tení instead of tuve, hací instead of hice. Forgetting that decir and traer take -eron not -ieron: dijieron is wrong, it's dijeron. And mixing up preterite and imperfect for habitual past actions - that's the next page.
See also
- The imperfect page covers the other past tense.
- The preterite vs imperfect page covers the decision rules side by side.
- The intermediate Spanish grammar page covers the full past-tense system.