Esperanto · Chapter 22 · Lesson 8 · Grammar primer
Oni, pluvas, estas varme: sentences with nobody in them
The oni pronoun in full, the subjectless weather verbs, estas + adverb where English wants an adjective, and the necesas / eblas / indas / temas pri battery that runs half of natural conversation.
The short version
Pluvas: a verb with nobody in it
Esperanto weather verbs take no subject at all - pluvas, negxas, tondras are complete sentences. English forces a dummy it (it is raining); Esperanto simply does not bother. The same shape powers the everyday battery necesas, eblas, indas, suficxas: no subject, straight to the point.
Pluvas, do necesas preni ombrelon.
Estas varme, not estas varma
When a sentence has no noun for an adjective to agree with, Esperanto uses the adverb: estas varme (it is warm), estas grave ke... (it is important that...). The -a form would need something to describe; with nobody there, -e carries the meaning. English speakers under-use this and it marks their Esperanto instantly.
Estas malvarme hodiaux, restu hejme.
That's the gist. The full article goes deeper - more examples, the edge cases, the why - and the practice below scores like a vocabulary session and earns the same XP.
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