Latin · Chapter 9 · Lesson 14 · Grammar primer
Purpose, result and cum clauses
Ut with the subjunctive for so that, ne for lest, and cum for when and since. The clause types that turn the subjunctive from a paradigm into prose.
The short version
ut plus subjunctive twice, and the negative tells them apart
Purpose is ut plus the subjunctive with ne as its negative: venit ut regem videat, he comes to see the king. Result is also ut plus the subjunctive, but its negative is ut non and it is almost always announced in advance by a signpost word in the main clause: tam, ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, tot. Spot the signpost and you know a result clause is coming before you even reach the ut.
Venit ut regem videat.
cum is two different words
In front of an ablative noun it is the preposition with: cum patre. In front of a verb it is a conjunction, and the mood decides what it means. Cum plus the indicative simply dates the action. Cum plus the subjunctive means when in a narrative, or since, or although, and if tamen turns up in the main clause it is the although one. Which tense of subjunctive you get is set by the main verb: primary takes present, historic takes imperfect.
cum haec dixisset
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