Esperanto · Chapter 21 · Lesson 8 · Grammar primer
Ho, nu, ve: the little words that carry the feeling
Interjections take no ending and sit outside the sentence, ho ve is the standard alas, fi- judges morally where -acx- judges quality, and any noise plus -i is a verb.
The short version
Ho ve: grammar-free words
Interjections are the only Esperanto words allowed to ignore the ending system: ho, nu, ve, hura take no -o, no -j, no -n, and sit outside the sentence entirely. The classic pair is ho ve - alas - and nu is the all-purpose well... that buys you thinking time. Learn five of them and your spoken Esperanto stops sounding like a written exam.
Ho ve, mi forgesis la panon!
Any noise plus -i is a verb
Esperanto verbs its sound effects: a cat miauxas, a bee zumas, a dog bojas, a clock tiktakas. Take the noise, add -i, and you have a dictionary-legal verb - ReVo lists miauxi and plauxdi with citations. This is the same machine that builds every other verb in the language, pointed at the farmyard.
La kato miauxis la tutan nokton.
That's the gist. The full article goes deeper - more examples, the edge cases, the why - and the practice below scores like a vocabulary session and earns the same XP.
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