Kilo Lingo
Latin grammar Part of Chapter 4

CEFR A2-B1

4 min read

Test yourself (21 questions)

Latin Pronouns Chart: ego, is, hic, ille and qui

By Michael McGettrickUpdated 12 October 2026

Sort the Latin frequency list and the top is full of pronouns: is rank 8 and 46, and both outrank every noun in the language. You will meet these more than any other words. The personal pronouns come first, then , then the one distinction worth reading twice, against .

accusativegenitivedativeablativeWhat do the colours mean?
PronounMeaningOf (genitive)To (dative)
I
you
he, she, it
this
that
who, which

Quick check

Now use it: three quick questions on the chart above. The full practice is further down.

Pick the right one

0/3

His own, or someone else's?

  1. Rex filium videt. (the king's own son)

  2. Rex filium videt. (another man's son)

  3. Pater librum habet. (his own book)

The last four rows share one quirk: genitive -ius and dative -i, the same for masculine, feminine and neuter. Drill those eight forms and much of the rest follows.

ego, tu, nos, vos: the personal pronouns

The first- and second-person pronouns have their own endings:

Caseego (I)tu (you)se (himself)
Nomnone
Acc
Gen
Abl
Casenos (we)vos (you, plural)
Nom
Acc
Gen, ,
Abl

has no nominative because it only ever points back to the subject: ., he/she sees himself or herself.

The nominative is for contrast, because the verb already names its subject:

  • . - I see.
  • , . - I am speaking; you are listening.

is glued on after these pronouns:

LatinEnglishWhere you hear it
with me ., come with me
with you . (Ave Maria)
with you (plural) ., peace be with you
with himself, herself , he/she talks to himself or herself

For my and your, Latin uses adjectives that agree with the thing owned (, , , , ), so the genitives have narrower jobs:

  • - my mother (the adjective)
  • - one of us
  • Miserere . - Have mercy on us. (the )

is, ea, id: he, she, it

Latin needs no subject pronoun, since already means he or she sees. What it needs is a way to refer back to someone in the other cases, and , , is it:

masculinefeminineneutergenitivedativeWhat do the colours mean?
CaseMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nom
Acc
Gen
Abl
CaseMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nomeae
Acc
Gen
/Abl
  • . - I see him.
  • . - I see her.
  • . - I give him (or her) a book.

Two things the tables cannot show:

  • Some texts print and for and : same forms, different spelling.
  • The neuter singular ends in -d, not -um: , , .

eius against suus

This is the distinction that separates writing Latin from decoding it, so read it twice.

suus, his owneius, someone else'sWhat do the colours mean?
Whose son?LatinEnglish
his own .The king sees his own son.
another man's .The king sees another man's son.

English writes his for both. Latin does not leave it open: points back to the subject, to someone else.

A friendly family tree drawn on a big green tree: the grandmother and grandfather at the top; below them their son (the father) with the mother beside him, and the father's brother (the uncle); at the bottom, the parents' two children, a smiling girl with a sparkle and her younger brother.

Pater filium suum videt: the father sees his own son. Frater filium eius videt: his brother sees his (the father's) son. Same boy, two owners, two words.

The grammar differs as well as the meaning. is an adjective, so it agrees with the thing owned; is a genitive, so it never changes:

Thing ownedHis ownSomeone else's
a son
a daughter
words

With several owners, becomes or , their: , the boys see their (other people's) father.

hic and ille: near and far

is this, the thing near the speaker; is that, further off and often famous: , that famous king. Their full tables are on Latin demonstratives, and , and have their own page.

  • . - This book is good.
  • . - I do not hear those words.

qui: the relative pronoun

, , is who or which, the eighth commonest word in Latin. One rule runs it: gender and number from the noun it refers to, case from its own clause.

  • . - The king whom we see is good.

is masculine singular because of , accusative because lands on it. The full tables and worked examples are on the Latin relative pronoun; questions with are on Latin question words.

Mistakes English speakers make

WrongRightWhy
. (I see). stresses I; the ending already says it
follows the pronoun
(his own) his own is
agrees with the thing owned
eiam never changes

What to do next

  1. Drill the six genitive and dative pairs in the first table.
  2. Say three sentences about your family with , then the same with .
  3. Then the relative pronoun, the eighth commonest word in Latin.

Practise: test yourself

Pick the right one

0/4

His own, or someone else's?

  1. Rex filium videt. (the king's own son)

  2. Rex filium videt. (another man's son)

  3. Pater librum habet. (his own book)

  4. Vir librum habet. (someone else's book)

Sort into groups

0/8

Which case is each form?

Tap a word, then the group it belongs in.

Spot the mistake

0/3

Tap the mistake.

Build the word

0/3

Build the pronoun form.

  1. is: him (accusative)

    Accents optional

    Your word is empty.

  2. is: of him, of her (genitive)

    Accents optional

    Your word is empty.

  3. ego + cum: with me

    Accents optional

    Your word is empty.

Translation drill

0/3

Read the pronoun's ending before anything else.

  1. Eum in urbe videmus.

  2. Ego dico, tu audis.

  3. Dominus tecum.

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Frequently asked questions

What are the personal pronouns in Latin?
(I), (you), (we) and (you, plural), with the reflexive (himself, herself, themselves), which has no nominative. They have their own endings: me and in the accusative, and in the dative. Because the verb already names its subject, the nominative is used for contrast: , , I am the one speaking, you are listening.
Does Latin have a word for he, she and it?
Not a dedicated one. on its own means he/she/it sees, so no pronoun is needed for the subject. When you need to refer back to someone in another case, Latin uses is, , : , he/she sees him; , he/she sees her. A nominative is or does appear, but it is doing emphasis or contrast.
What is the difference between and ?
is reflexive: his own, her own, their own, pointing back to the subject of the sentence. is the genitive of is: his or her when the owner is somebody else. means the king sees his own son; means the king sees another man's son. is an adjective and agrees with the thing owned ( ); is a genitive and never changes.
Why do , , and all look the same?
Because these pronouns share an irregular genitive singular in -ius and dative singular in -i, the same for all three genders. , , , , , , and uter are in the same club, which is why gives . It is the highest-value thing to drill in these tables: eight forms, no gender to choose.
How do you say with me in Latin?
: the preposition is glued on after the pronoun instead of going in front. is with you, with us, with you (plural) and with himself or herself. , the Lord is with thee, is in the Ave , and , peace be with you, is a Church greeting.