Ch 7 · Lesson 17Esperanto · Chapter 7 · Lesson 17 · Grammar primer
Krom, malgraŭ, anstataŭ, and tio, ke
is except and besides, and the sentence decides. takes an infinitive, and a clause after a preposition usually needs : , .
The short version
A clause after a preposition usually needs
, , .
Why?Hide
A preposition takes a noun, not a clause, so in the noun's place and the clause after : , , , . A few pairs have become conjunctions of their own and take directly: , , . and are not standard: say , (or simply ) and , .
anstataŭ, krom, malgraŭ
These three need more than a table row.
(instead of) can take an infinitive straight away, like and :
, .- Instead of working, he slept.
(despite) takes a noun:
, .- Despite the night, we walked.
means both except and besides. The rest of the sentence decides:
| Signal | Esperanto | English |
|---|---|---|
| . | Everyone came except him. |
| , . | Besides him, she came too. |
When it must be unmistakable, is always except him.
A clause after a preposition: tio, ke
A preposition takes a noun, not a clause. To hang a clause on one, put in the noun's place and the clause after :
, , .- Because we had no money, we stayed at home., .- We talked about the fact that he had left.
A few pairs have become conjunctions of their own and take directly:
| Conjunction | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| , . | I came so you would not be e. |
| , . | He left without our seeing him. |
| , . | She worked, although she was tired. |
The long form with is just as correct. and are not standard: say , , and , or simply (because).
Mistakes English speakers make
| Wrong | Right | Why |
|---|---|---|
| | |
| | no -n after a preposition, bar motion |
| | a tool is |
| , | |
| | no |
Going further: Where: place and movement and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.
Practice
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One question at a time, mixed across the exercises in this lesson. Miss one and it comes back round before the end.
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