Kilo Lingo

Ch 6 · Lesson 9

With and by: tool, person or companion

, a , : a tool takes a bare ablative, a person takes , a companion takes .

The short version

Tool takes a bare ablative, person , companion

;

we see with our eyes; he comes with his father
Why?

The ablative looks like a rag-bag because it is one, and this single line sorts most of the traffic. , we see with our eyes, no preposition at all, because eyes are the instrument. A , he was captured by soldiers, with because soldiers are people. , he came with his father, because that is company rather than means. English says with for all three and leaves you guessing.

With and by: means, agent, manner and company

ablativeWhat do the colours mean?

This is where English speakers lose marks, because English says with or by for four different things and Latin does not.

JobLatinEnglish
means .He beat the enemy with a sword.
agent .He was captured by the soldiers.
manner .He writes with great care.
company .He came with his father.

Means never takes a preposition:

  • , . - We see with our eyes; we do the work with our hands.

Manner says how something is done. is always safe, and once an adjective is attached it becomes optional, often tucked between adjective and noun:

  • - with care
  • or - with great praise

Company normally keeps , and with the personal pronouns it sticks to the end:

PronounWith cumEnglish
with me
with you
with us
with himself
  • . - The Lord is with you. (the Ave )

Going further: The forms, in one place and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.

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Lesson 9 of 35 in this chapter

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What do the colours mean?