Ch 16 · Lesson 17Esperanto · Chapter 16 · Lesson 17 · Grammar primer
Tio or tiu: a fact or a thing
, : the lateness annoyed me, so . and take a fact or a clause, and , join the sentences.
The short version
. .
Why?Hide
, . The annoying thing was the lateness, an event rather than a person, so it takes ; write there and you have said that a man annoyed you, which is a different complaint. The pointing side behaves the same way, and it builds the connectives that join one sentence to the next: (hence), (then), (moreover), , . Every one of them is built rather than learned.
Tio or tiu: a fact or a thing
and are for a person or a thing a noun names, countable or not ( , that water). and are for a fact, an event or a whole clause. English says that and which for both:
| Points at | Esperanto | English |
|---|---|---|
| a person | , , . | The man who came late annoyed me. |
| a fact | , . | He came late, which annoyed me. |
| a person | . | I saw that man. |
| a fact | , . | He did not come, and that annoyed me. |
In the second sentence the lateness annoyed me, so . With it would read as a person annoying me.
The test: if you could put a noun after it, it is or .
pro tio, post tio: the connectives
A preposition plus joins one sentence to the last:
| Esperanto | English |
|---|---|
| because of that, so |
| after that, then |
| besides, moreover |
| despite that |
| instead |
| about that |
. .- He did not study. Because of that, he did not succeed.. .- We ate. After that we went to town.
usually means besides, and can also mean apart from that:
, .- Apart from that, everything is fine.
Going further: A ti- word holds the slot, a ki- word fills it and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.
Practice
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10-question session
One question at a time, mixed across the exercises in this lesson. Miss one and it comes back round before the end.
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