Ch 16 · Lesson 18Esperanto · Chapter 16 · Lesson 18 · Grammar primer
Kies, ties, tial and kial
and ties never take an ending. is therefore, asks why, and neither means because: that is .
The short version
, , .
Why?Hide
is whose and ties is that one's, and neither ever takes -j or -n. The noun after them carries its own job: , (the son is the subject), , (the book is the object). Ties usually points at the last person or thing mentioned: , the father came with his son and the s friend.
, .
Why?Hide
is therefore: , . , is for the reason that, a heavier . asks, directly or in a reported question ( , ), and introduces the reason why ( ). What it never does is mean because: , is broken. Because is .
kies and ties
is whose, in a question or a relative clause:
?- Whose book is that?, , .- The man whose son came is a teacher.
never takes -j or -n. The noun after it carries its own job:
, , .- The man whose book I read lives next to us.
is that one's, and it usually points at the last person or thing mentioned:
.- The father came with his son and thes friend..- He talked about his brother and about his brother's friend.
(everyone's), (someone's) and nenies (nobody's) work the same: nenies . - That is nobody's fault.
tial, kial and ĉar
English why and because sit close together; Esperanto keeps four words apart:
| Word | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| , . | He did not study, so he did not succeed. |
, | , . | I stayed in for the reason that it rained. |
| , . | I stayed in because it rained. |
| ? | Why did you come? |
, puts weight on the reason; is the everyday because. also reports a question or introduces the reason why:
, .- She asked why I had not come..- That is why I came.
never means because.
Mistakes English speakers make
| Wrong | Right | Why |
|---|---|---|
..., | ..., | a fact takes |
..., | ..., | |
| | the noun after -n |
Going further: A ti- word holds the slot, a ki- word fills it and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.
Practice
Practise this lesson
7-question session
One question at a time, mixed across the exercises in this lesson. Miss one and it comes back round before the end.
Esperanto · Free printables
Worksheets for this lesson
Worksheets with answer keys built in. Open any one to view, print or save.
Free for members
The printable worksheets, infographics and PDFs are free with an account. Start a free week and download as many as you like.
Start your free weekLesson 18 of 27 in this chapter