Esperanto · Chapter 19 · Lesson 14 · Grammar primer
Landoj kaj popoloj
The two country systems (franco -> Francio, Kanado -> kanadano), the -ujo/-io war and where we stand, the -an- machine, and the vocabulary that moved: indigxeno, inuito, romao.
The short version
Two country systems, running opposite ways
In Category 1 the root is the people and the country is built from it: franco gives Francio, turko Turkio, hungaro Hungario. In Category 2 the root is the country and the people are built with -an-: Usono gives usonano, Brazilo brazilano. Which system a country is on is a historical accident rather than a rule, so look it up once. Watch Aŭstralio, which ends in -io and is Category 2, since there is no such person as an aŭstralo. Write Francio; read Francujo in the old books.
franco, Francio; Usono, usonano
The language is an adjective with la in front
La angla lingvo shortens to la angla, and the article has to stay, because the adjective is standing in for a noun that has been dropped: mi lernas la anglan, li parolas la japanan. Capitals go on the country and nowhere else, so one short sentence gets three different treatments where English would capitalise all three. Esperanto itself is the exception, its name being a proper noun: mi parolas Esperanton, never la esperantan.
La francoj loĝas en Francio kaj parolas la francan.
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