Ch 9 · Lesson 14Latin · Chapter 9 · Lesson 14 · Grammar primer
Amatus sit and dixerit: passives and a lookalike
, : the participle plus the subjunctive of . And , which can be the perfect subjunctive or the future perfect: the clause decides.
The short version
Only -erim tells it from the future perfect
.
Why?Hide
The perfect subjunctive is the perfect stem plus -erim, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint. The future perfect is identical except for -ero in the first person singular, so can be either. Let the clause decide: a question word or points to the subjunctive.
Passive and deponent forms
Neither tense has a one-word passive. Use the participle with the subjunctive of : for the perfect, for the pluperfect.
| Person | Perfect passive | Pluperfect passive |
|---|---|---|
| I | | |
| he | | |
| they | | |
The participle agrees with its subject, as in every perfect passive:
.- He asks whether the city has been captured.
Deponents use the same shape and keep their active meaning: , I followed; , he had spoken.
Perfect subjunctive or future perfect?
Without macrons, the two are spelled the same in five persons out of six:
| Person | Future perfect | Perfect subj. |
|---|---|---|
| I | | |
| he, she | | |
| we | | |
| they | | |
Only -erim against - is safe. So let the clause decide:
| Clue | Latin | English |
|---|---|---|
| , . | If he does this, I will be glad. |
| . | I do not know what he did. |
| . | Do not do this. |
has no past meaning at all: it is simply Latin's ordinary don't, beside . Do not translate it you will not have done.
Going further: Both tenses on one screen and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.
Practice
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One question at a time, mixed across the exercises in this lesson. Miss one and it comes back round before the end.
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