Ch 3 · Lesson 28Esperanto · Chapter 3 · Lesson 28 · Grammar primer
Fakte, cetere, tamen, and ho ve
Actually, by the way, all the same: the words that steer a conversation. And the feelings that stand outside the sentence: ho, ha, , and .
The short version
Actually is
, .
Why?Hide
corrects or adds the real situation, like actually or in fact. is a false friend: it means currently, at the moment. And is besides, by the way: it adds a further point or opens a side topic.
Adding and correcting
These steer the talk. corrects or adds the real situation; changes the subject, like by the way:
| Word | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| , . | Actually, I t got time. |
| , Karlo? | By the way, where is Karlo? |
| , . | Besides, it's too big. |
| , Karlo Berta. | Two are coming, namely Karlo and Berta. |
| . | At least it isn't raining. |
(besides, on top of that) is plus -e, and is at least.
Turning and concluding: tamen, do, sekve
says you go ahead despite what was just said. It can open the sentence or follow the word it qualifies:
. .-m tired. All the same,ll come., . !- No, It need help. Thanks anyway!
For so in speech, say . means the same, consequently, and sounds like a report:
, .- The road is long; consequently, we will leave early.
Feelings: ho, ha, aĥ, ve, fi, ek
These stand outside the sentence, before a comma or an exclamation mark.
| Esperanto | English |
|---|---|
, ! | Oh, there you are! |
! ! | Ha! found it! |
, ! | Ah, I forgot! |
! ! | Oh no! The door! |
! | Woe is me! |
! a! | Ugh! How ugly! |
, ! | Right, off we go! |
is the everyday oh no; alone is the old-fashioned alas. is the prefix that starts an action (, to cry out), used on its own as go! More sounds, and how they become verbs, in interjections and sound words.
Mistakes English speakers make
| Wrong | Right | Why |
|---|---|---|
, . | , . | hesitant well is |
. | . | so is |
, . | , . | |
! | ! | is already said; I did say is |
? | ? | the tag is ?, in full ? |
Going further: Nu, do and ja and the rest of the guide, when you want them. This lesson does not need them.
Practice
Practise this lesson
8-question session
One question at a time, mixed across the exercises in this lesson. Miss one and it comes back round before the end.
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