Translation
the action as an activity; continued or repeated action
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Examples
.
His speech went on too long.
o .
The singing could be heard from the garden.
is .
Long toil tired them out.
.
The movement grew in many countries.
.
Her quiet way of living pleased her.
-ad- stretches an action out or repeats it. On a verb it stays a verb: gives , to go on speaking. Far more often you meet it in -o, where it names the activity itself: , a speech; o, singing; , toil; , a movement.
The useful nuance is what a bare -o on a verb root would have meant instead. is one utterance, the whole sustained business of speaking; is a song, o the act of singing it. Reach for -ad- only when the duration matters, or you will pad every noun for nothing. - is its opposite, marking the instant of onset rather than the long haul.
Where this fits
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Esperanto · Free printables
-ad-: worksheet, infographic and listicle
Free printable study downloads for the Esperanto word "-ad-" (the action as an activity; continued or repeated action): a worksheet with the answer key built in, an infographic, and a sentence listicle. Open any one to view, print or save.
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