Portuguese grammar · Pearson Edexcel GCSE 1PG0

Every grammar point Pearson Edexcel GCSE Portuguese asks for

Pearson Edexcel's GCSE Portuguese specification (1PG0) prescribes 148 grammar structures. This is the full list, with the tier each one is examined at and the lesson on this site that teaches it. Where we only partly teach a structure, or do not teach it yet, the list says so rather than leaving it out.

Foundation candidates are assessed on the 113 Foundation structures. Higher candidates need those and the 35 marked Higher.

Practise this in the GCSE course See the journey map

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Not taught yet

Nouns (10)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Gender of all nouns	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Gender endings	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Common feminine and masculine diminutives and augmentatives (e.g. pãozinho, casarão)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Alternative meanings of common nouns depending on gender (e.g. a caixa vs o caixa)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Masculine verbal noun (e.g. o trabalhar)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Plural of all nouns, and their feminine equivalents where applicable	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Change of stressed closed to open vowel in plurals (e.g. ovos)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Plural of noun+de+noun compounds (e.g. quartos de casal)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Plural of common compound nouns, diminutives and augmentatives (e.g. couves-flores, guarda-chuvas, pãezinhos, cafezinhos)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions
Masculine and feminine plurals covering both genders (e.g. os filhos, as crianças)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals: -o, -a and the Exceptions

Articles (13)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Definite article o, a, os, as: agreement with noun	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Indefinite article um, uma, uns, umas: agreement with noun	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Combined forms preposition + article (e.g. ao, do, no, pelo)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Additional use of definite article with a toponym or name of country (o Porto, o Brasil)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Additional use of definite article with the name of a person (a Ana)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Additional use of definite article with a possessive (o meu passaporte)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Possessives: meu, minha, seu and the Ambiguous seu
Additional use of definite article with nouns used in a general sense (a fruta está cara)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Other uses of the definite article (e.g. 5 euros o quilo)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Omission of indefinite article: origin (sou inglês)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Omission of indefinite article: profession, occupation (sou estudante)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Omission of indefinite article: possession (tem carro)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Omission of indefinite article: marital status (ela é casada)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them
Omission of indefinite article: affiliation, religion (ele é católico)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Articles: o, a, um, uma - and When to Drop Them

Adjectives (7)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Adjectives and past participles used adjectivally	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Agreement in gender and number	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Position	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Change of stressed closed to open vowel (e.g. novo, nova, novos)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Position of adjectives: noun+adjective and common exceptions (e.g. bom dia)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Demonstrative adjectives este/a, esse/a, aquele/a	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Demonstratives: Este, Esse and Aquele
Possessive adjectives meu/minha, teu/tua, seu/sua, nosso/a, vosso/a, seu/sua	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Possessives: meu, minha, seu and the Ambiguous seu

Adverbs (11)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Formation with -mente (e.g. igualmente)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Everyday usage (e.g. bem, devagar, assim)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Common adverbial phrases (e.g. de repente, de novo)	Foundation	Partly taught	Pretérito Perfeito vs Imperfeito: Choosing the Portuguese Past
Position of adverbs	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Adverbs of time and place: aqui, ali, acolá, agora, já	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Interrogative adverbs como, quando, onde, aonde, por que	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Question Words: quem, o que, onde, quando, por quê
Manner: aliás, como	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Discourse Adverbs: claro, mesmo, de vez em quando
Intensity: demasiado, quanto, quase	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Affirmation: decerto e realmente	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Negation: jamais, nunca	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Adverbial phrases: de vez em quando, de tempos a tempos, em breve, ao contrário, em geral	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Discourse Adverbs: claro, mesmo, de vez em quando

Comparatives and superlatives (7)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Regular comparatives with adjectives and adverbs: tão...como, tão...quanto, mais...do que, menos...do que	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Comparative intensifiers muito, pouco	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Superlative relative: o mais... / o menos...	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Superlative absolute: muito/bastante/bem + adjective or adverb	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Irregular comparatives maior, menor, melhor, pior, superior, inferior	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Irregular superlatives o/a maior, o/a menor, o/a melhor, o/a pior, o máximo, o mínimo (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo
Superlative absolute: -íssimo/a/os/as (e.g. felícissimo) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Comparatives and Superlatives: mais, o mais, -íssimo

Connectives (2)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Common examples: e, e ainda, antes, depois, pois, porque, também, mas, apenas, por exemplo, portanto, quando, para, para que, se, sobre, ao lado, na minha opinião, como, tal como, ou	Foundation	Partly taught	Por vs Para in Portuguese: The Two Words for For
Further examples: além disso, dado que, portanto, é evidente que, de modo que, logo, em conclusão, é possível, com efeito, a fim de, a menos que, após, em seguida, a meu ver, apesar de, no entanto, ou...ou	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe

Quantifiers/intensifiers (1)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Common examples: claro, mesmo, pois não, também, apenas, com certeza, naturalmente, ora, próprio	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Discourse Adverbs: claro, mesmo, de vez em quando

Pronouns (28)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Subject personal pronouns	Foundation	Partly taught	Brazilian vs European Portuguese: What Actually Differs
Direct and indirect personal pronouns	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Direct and indirect personal pronouns with prepositions (e.g. para mim, comigo, contigo, consigo, com você) (R)	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Reflexives and usage with reflexive verbs: after the verb hyphenated (EP, e.g. eu lavo-me) and before the verb (BP, e.g. eu me lavo)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: me, se, nos and Where They Go
Position of direct and indirect pronouns: after the verb hyphenated and before the verb	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns isto, isso, aquilo	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Demonstratives: Este, Esse and Aquele
Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns cada, tudo, nada, tanto, vários	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Indefinite pronouns alguém, ninguém	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Demonstrative pronouns este, esse, aquele standing alone	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Demonstratives: Este, Esse and Aquele
Relative pronouns que, quem, onde	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Relative Pronouns: que, quem, onde, o qual, cujo
Word order in relative clauses	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Relative Pronouns: que, quem, onde, o qual, cujo
Possessive pronouns: first, second and third persons, singular and plural	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Possessives: meu, minha, seu and the Ambiguous seu
Possession expressed with de: dele/dela, de você, do/da + proper noun	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Possessives: meu, minha, seu and the Ambiguous seu
Omission of possessive (e.g. lavar as mãos)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Possessives: meu, minha, seu and the Ambiguous seu
Contracted forms (e.g. mo(s)) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Contracted forms (e.g. no-la(s)) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronoun Quirks: no-lo, no-la, and the Dative of Possession
Position (Higher-tier nuance)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Comprá-lo(s), vendê-la(s), compram-na(s)	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Intercalated pronouns (e.g. comprá-lo-ei, vendê-la-ia) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Future Tense: -ei, -á and the ir Shortcut
Position in a negative sentence (Não lhas comprou) or a relative one (as flores que ela me deu)	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Object Pronouns: Where Brazilians Actually Put Them
Indirect object pronoun instead of possessive (e.g. roubaram-lhe a carteira) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Object Pronoun Quirks: no-lo, no-la, and the Dative of Possession
Demonstratives and indefinites: algo, certo, cada, diverso	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Demonstratives and indefinites: qualquer, quaisquer	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Demonstratives and indefinites: tal, tais	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Demonstratives and indefinites: um tal (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Indefinite Pronouns: alguém, ninguém, cada, tudo, qualquer, tal
Relative pronoun cujo (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Relative Pronouns: que, quem, onde, o qual, cujo
Relative pronouns o/a qual, os/as quais	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Relative Pronouns: que, quem, onde, o qual, cujo
Common idiomatic expressions (e.g. foi isto que, fui eu quem, foi ele quem me disse)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Relative Pronouns: que, quem, onde, o qual, cujo

Verbs (14)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Regular and irregular verbs	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Verb Conjugation: -ar, -er and -ir Charts
All persons of the verb, singular and plural	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Verb Conjugation: -ar, -er and -ir Charts
Modes of address: tu and você	Foundation	Taught	Brazilian vs European Portuguese: What Actually Differs
Radical-changing verbs	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Irregular Verbs: The Ten You Cannot Avoid
Negative forms	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Negation: Where não Goes, and Why Two Negatives Stay Negative
Interrogative forms	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Question Words: quem, o que, onde, quando, por quê
Uses of ser and estar	Foundation	Taught	Ser vs Estar in Portuguese: The Rule That Actually Holds
Reflexive verbs, where applicable (e.g. sentar-se, levantar-se)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Reflexive Verbs: me, se, nos and Where They Go
Progressive with estar (e.g. está a chover)	Foundation	Taught	Brazilian vs European Portuguese: What Actually Differs
Common idiomatic expressions with ter and haver (e.g. tem de estudar, há pouco)	Foundation	Partly taught	Ter que and precisar: Saying You Have To in Portuguese
Verbs followed by an infinitive, with or without a preposition (e.g. quero comer, gosto de fazer)	Foundation	Taught	Personal Infinitive in Portuguese: The Infinitive With Endings
Verbs followed by preposition em or de (e.g. pensar em, gostar de...)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Third person conjugated reflexively instead of the passive voice (e.g. fala-se inglês, aceitam-me cheques) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Passive Voice: ser + Participle, and the se That Replaces It
Undefined subject, using third person verb ending with no subject denotator (e.g. disseram-me)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Passive Voice: ser + Participle, and the se That Replaces It

Voice and person (6)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Active voice	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Passive Voice: ser + Participle, and the se That Replaces It
Passive voice (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Passive Voice: ser + Participle, and the se That Replaces It
First- and third-person endings, singular and plural second person using third-person verb ending (e.g. você gosta, vocês gostam)	Foundation	Taught	Brazilian vs European Portuguese: What Actually Differs
Second person singular (e.g. tu gostas)	Foundation	Partly taught	Brazilian vs European Portuguese: What Actually Differs
Omission of subject denotator (e.g. gosta, gostas, gostam)	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Imperfect Tense: The Pretérito Imperfeito Explained
Passive voice	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Passive Voice: ser + Participle, and the se That Replaces It

Infinitive forms (2)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Inflected or personal infinitive (R)	Foundation	Taught	Personal Infinitive in Portuguese: The Infinitive With Endings
Inflected or personal infinitive (e.g. Ao saíres de casa...)	Higher	Taught	Personal Infinitive in Portuguese: The Infinitive With Endings

Past participle and gerund (1)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Common regular and irregular past participles and gerunds	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Past Participles and Gerunds: Regular and Irregular Forms

Indicative (12)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Present	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Verb Conjugation: -ar, -er and -ir Charts
Preterite	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Past Tense: The Preterite for Finished Actions
Imperfect	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Imperfect Tense: The Pretérito Imperfeito Explained
Reported speech (e.g. diz que compra / disse que comprava) (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Imperfect Tense: The Pretérito Imperfeito Explained
Future	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Future Tense: -ei, -á and the ir Shortcut
Periphrastic forms with ir for future (e.g. vou comprar)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Future Tense: -ei, -á and the ir Shortcut
Imperfect instead of conditional (e.g. gostava, comprava)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Imperfect Tense: The Pretérito Imperfeito Explained
Perfect with ter (e.g. tenho estado)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Past Tense: The Preterite for Finished Actions
Pluperfect with ter (e.g. tinha comprado)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Pluperfect: tinha comprado and havia visto
Pluperfect with haver (e.g. havia visto) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Pluperfect: tinha comprado and havia visto
Future in pronominal and reflexive conjugations (e.g. lavar-se-á) (R)	Higher	Partly taught	Portuguese Future Tense: -ei, -á and the ir Shortcut
Reported speech (e.g. diz que vai / disse que ia)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Imperfect Tense: The Pretérito Imperfeito Explained

Subjunctive (5)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Present of common verbs (e.g. quero que tenham...) (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe
Present (e.g. espero que não chova)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe
Future (e.g. quando chegarem, se puderes) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe
Imperfect (e.g. se pudesse) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe
Perfect subjunctive with ter (e.g. espero que tenha chegado) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Perfect Subjunctive: espero que tenha chegado

Conditional (2)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Common use of the conditional to introduce requests, wishes and polite interaction (e.g. gostaria)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Conditional Tense: Polite Requests and Pronoun Placement
Conditional in pronominal and reflexive conjugations (e.g. lavar-se-ia) (R)	Higher	Taught	Portuguese Conditional Tense: Polite Requests and Pronoun Placement

Imperative (2)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Command and request forms using third person present subjunctive, singular and plural (e.g. venha, sirvam-se)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Imperative: Giving Commands Without Sounding Rude
Commands and requests using imperative second and third person singular (e.g. olha, olhe) (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Imperative: Giving Commands Without Sounding Rude

Numbers and quantity (6)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Cardinal numbers from zero to milhões, mais de and menos de, agreements where applicable	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Numbers and Quantities: Cardinals, Fractions, Measures
Ordinal numbers from primeiro/a to décimo/a, ultimo, penúltimo (R), and agreements	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order
Proportional quantifiers: duplo, dobro, meio, metade, um terço, um quarto	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Numbers and Quantities: Cardinals, Fractions, Measures
Collective quantifiers: par, dezena, década, dúzia, centena, milhar	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Numbers and Quantities: Cardinals, Fractions, Measures
Basic measurements and distance (e.g. meio metro, dez quilómetros, a quinze quilómetros)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Numbers and Quantities: Cardinals, Fractions, Measures
Position of ordinals: ordinal+noun (e.g. terceiro andar)	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Adjectives: Agreement, Gender and Word Order

Prepositions (4)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Common ones: a, até, com, contra, de, desde, em, entre, para, por, sem, sobre, trás	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Contracted forms with definite article (e.g. ao, da, no, pelo)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Contracted forms with indefinite article (e.g. numa)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Commonly used prepositional phrases (e.g. ao lado de, ao pé de) (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Conjunctions and Prepositional Phrases: e, mas, ao lado de

Conjunctions (4)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Co-ordinating conjunctions (e.g. e, ou, mas, também, nem, portanto)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Conjunctions and Prepositional Phrases: e, mas, ao lado de
Co-ordinating conjunctions (e.g. por isso, porém, contudo, não só...mas também) (R)	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Demonstratives: Este, Esse and Aquele
Subordinating conjunctions (e.g. que, porque, se, quando, como)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Subjunctive: The Mood for Doubt, Wish and Maybe
Word order in subordinate clauses	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Conjunctions and Prepositional Phrases: e, mas, ao lado de

Times and dates (7)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Times using 12- and 24-hour clock	Foundation	Partly taught	Ser vs Estar in Portuguese: The Rule That Actually Holds
Days, months	Foundation	Taught	Days, Months and Time Expressions in Portuguese
Oito dias, quinze dias (fortnight-style expressions)	Foundation	Taught	Days, Months and Time Expressions in Portuguese
Seasons: primavera, verão, outono, inverno	Foundation	Taught	Days, Months and Time Expressions in Portuguese
Da manhã, da tarde, da noite, ontem à noite	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Prepositions and Their Contractions: do, da, no, na
Madrugada, anoitecer, amanhecer (R)	Foundation	Taught	Days, Months and Time Expressions in Portuguese
Véspera (R)	Foundation	Taught	Days, Months and Time Expressions in Portuguese

Negatives (4)

Structure	Tier	Status	Taught in
Simple negative using não	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Negation: Where não Goes, and Why Two Negatives Stay Negative
Nunca, nem...nem	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Double negatives (e.g. não... nada) (R)	Foundation	Taught	Portuguese Adverbs: How -mente Works, and When to Skip It
Word order in negative sentences	Foundation	Partly taught	Portuguese Future Tense: -ei, -á and the ir Shortcut

Learn it in the order the specification sets it

The GCSE Portuguese course teaches the specification's words and this grammar, Foundation before Higher, with short drills that remember what you already know.

Practise this in the GCSE course Journey map

Prescribed structures taken from the Pearson Edexcel GCSE Portuguese (1PG0) specification. Coverage checked against each lesson by hand, last on 2026-09-27. "Partly taught" means a structure appears in a lesson but is not taught there as a rule of its own. Kilo Lingo is not affiliated with or endorsed by Pearson Edexcel.